Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS) Under Local Anesthesia and Its Influencing Factors

Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is a well-established technique and is the first-line treatment option for upper urinary tract stones <2cm. Currently, most ureteroscopic procedures are performed under general or epidural anesthesia, both of which are safe and feasible. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) under local anesthesia is safe and feasible. However, we can see that the current studies on RIRS under local anesthesia are mostly case reports, and there is a lack of systematic studies on the safety and effectiveness of RIRS under local anesthesia and its influencing factors. Therefore, the researchers hope to conduct a single-center prospective observational study to explore the safety, effectiveness and influencing factors of RIRS under local anesthesia, so as to optimize the surgical process of RIRS under local anesthesia, improve the surgical success rate and ensure surgical safety。