The Impact of Snacks Which Vary Nutritionally in Their Satiating Potential on Measures of Appetite Control

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Lack of Satiety; Hyperphagia
• Interventions: Other: Almonds; Other: Cheese Savouries

• Registration Number: NCT02480582
• Lead Sponsor: University of Leeds

Brief Summary

The current study will examine the effect of almond consumption (0.9g/kg dose) compared to an energy and weight matched comparator food or no food on measures of appetite control including appetite sensations, energy intake and food hedonics.

Detailed Description

Some individuals exhibit a weak satiety response to food and may be susceptible to overconsumption. Snack foods can be substantial contributors to daily energy intake, with different types of snacks exerting potentially different effects on satiety per calorie consumed. The current study will compare the effect of consuming different snack foods on measures of appetite control including appetite sensations, energy intake and food hedonics in women with a weak satiety response.

In a crossover design, female participants will consume three different mid-morning snacks: raw almonds, savoury crackers or water. Appetite sensations, energy intake, food reward and craving will be assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. Satiety responsiveness will be determined using the satiety quotient (SQ).

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2015-06
• Study First Submitted: 2015-06-04
• Study First Submitted QC: 2015-06-23
• Study First Posted: 2015-06-24
• Primary Completion: 2015-11
• Study Completion: 2015-12
• Results First Submitted: 2016-05-31
• Status Verified: 2017-01
• Results First Submitted QC: 2017-01-25
• Last Update Submitted: 2017-01-25
• Results First Posted: 2017-03-15
• Last Update Posted: 2017-03-15

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: Female
• Target Recruitment: 42

Inclusion Criteria

• Participants who have provided written informed consent.
• Healthy female participants aged 18-55 years.
• BMI of 18.5 - 30.0 kg/m2.
• Regular breakfast eaters.
• Not currently dieting to lose, gain or maintain weight.
• Non-smokers.
• Liking/acceptance of the study foods (≥4 on 7-point Likert scale).

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Exclusion Criteria

• Taking medication known to affect appetite within past month and/or during the study.
• Any known food allergies or food intolerances.
• Participants who do not regularly eat breakfast.
• Participants with low liking or acceptance of the study foods.
• Participants currently dieting to lose, gain or maintain weight.
• Reported history of or present eating disorder.
• BMI <18.5 kg/m2 or >30 kg/m2.
• Vegetarians.

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: CROSSOVER

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Almond, then No Food, then Cheese Savouries	Almonds	Participants first received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g/kg). After a washout period of 5 days, they then received no food. Finally, after another washout period participants received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g/kg).
Cheese Savouries then Almond, then No Food	Almonds	Participants first received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g/kg). After a washout period of 5 days, they then received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g/kg). Finally, after another washout period participants received no food.
Almond, then Cheese Savouries, then No Food	Almonds	Participants first received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g\\kg). After a washout period of 5 days, they then received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g\\kg). Finally, after another washout period participants received no food.
Almond, then No Food, then Cheese Savouries	Cheese Savouries	Participants first received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g/kg). After a washout period of 5 days, they then received no food. Finally, after another washout period participants received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g/kg).
No Food, then Cheese Savouries, then Almond	Cheese Savouries	Participants first received no food. After a washout period of 5 days, they then received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g/kg). Finally, after another washout period participants received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g/kg).
Cheese Savouries, then No Food, then Almond	Almonds	Participants first received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g\\kg). After a washout period of 5 days, they then received no food. Finally, after another washout period participants received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g\\kg).
No Food, then Almond, then Cheese Savouries	Almonds	Participants first received no food. After a washout period of 5 days, they then received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g/kg). Finally, after another washout period participants received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g\\kg).
Cheese Savouries then Almond, then No Food	Cheese Savouries	Participants first received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g/kg). After a washout period of 5 days, they then received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g/kg). Finally, after another washout period participants received no food.
No Food, then Cheese Savouries, then Almond	Almonds	Participants first received no food. After a washout period of 5 days, they then received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g/kg). Finally, after another washout period participants received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g/kg).
Almond, then Cheese Savouries, then No Food	Cheese Savouries	Participants first received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g\\kg). After a washout period of 5 days, they then received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g\\kg). Finally, after another washout period participants received no food.
No Food, then Almond, then Cheese Savouries	Cheese Savouries	Participants first received no food. After a washout period of 5 days, they then received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g/kg). Finally, after another washout period participants received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g\\kg).
Cheese Savouries, then No Food, then Almond	Cheese Savouries	Participants first received a mid-morning snack of cheese savouries (0.9g\\kg). After a washout period of 5 days, they then received no food. Finally, after another washout period participants received a mid-morning snack of almonds (0.9g\\kg).

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Test Meal Energy Intake	3 Weeks	Measured reductions in ad-libitum energy intake following consumption of almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to control and comparator. Food will be weighed pre- and post-consumption to the nearest 0.1g to determine energy intake. Test meal energy intake will be measured on three occasions, on average a week apart.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Food Preference	3 Weeks	Measured changes in wanting for high fat food food following consumption of almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to control and comparator.; Food preference will be measured once during each intervention condition using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ: Finlayson, King \& Blundell, 2008).; 8 high fat foods and 8 low fat foods are presented on a computer and participants rate the extent to which they want each food (How much do you want this food now?). The food images are presented individually, in a randomised order and participants make their ratings using a 100-mm VAS. Low fat scores are subtracted from high fat scores to provide a relative preference score.; Scale range: -100 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater wanting for high fat foods which is interpreted as a worse outcome.
Appetite Sensations (Hunger)	3 Weeks	Measured differences in hunger following consumption of almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to control and comparator.; Appetite sensations will be measured during the three intervention conditions at regular time intervals from the morning to the evening (21 in total) using 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS).; Scale range = 0-100 mm, with higher values indicating greater hunger. Total Area Under the Curve will be calculated from the VAS profiles using the trapeziodal method.; Time points at which data were collected to calculate AUC - -5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 135, 180, 230, 240, 270, 280, 300, 360, 420, 480, 510, 540, 600; -5 to 8 hours post intervention.; Higher AUC scores on hunger are interpreted as a worse outcome.
24 Hour Energy Intake	3 Weeks	Measured reductions in total within-day energy intake following consumption of almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to control and comparator. Food will be weighed pre- and post-consumption to the nearest 0.1g, at every test meal, to determine energy intake. Total energy intake will then be calculated. 24 hour energy intake will be measured on three occasions, on average a week apart.