Phase I Clinical Trial of Telephone-delivered Motivational Interviewing to Reduce Sexual Risk Behavior in HIV-positive Persons 45-plus Years of Age

The number of late middle-age and older adults living with HIV/AIDS in the U.S. continues to rise. In fact, it is estimated that by 2014, 50% of all HIV-positive persons will be 50 years of age or older, due largely to a) better clinical care and the improved efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy that has extended the lives of many HIV-positive persons and b) an increase in the number of new HIV infections in older persons. Despite escalating HIV incidence and prevalence rates in older adults, and the fact that an estimated 13% to 30% of older persons living with HIV/AIDS continue to engage in risky sexual practices, few secondary risk reduction interventions have been contextualized to meet the unique needs of sexually active HIV-infected older adults. These unique needs include biological and libidinal changes associated with aging such as erectile dysfunction and the increased use of erectile dysfunction medications in older men, sexual partnerships with younger persons, survivor guilt over outliving romantic partners, and the impact of co-morbid chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, hepatitis C) and associated medication and/or treatment side effects on perceptions of physical attractiveness.

Many HIV-positive older adults who would benefit from face-to-face sexual risk reduction interventions live with serious comorbid health conditions that complicate travel to medical and social service appointments, have significant confidentiality concerns, and are geographically isolated from traditional risk reduction resources. As such, face-to-face interventions are an unrealistic intervention modality for many members of this group. However, risk reduction interventions delivered using distance technologies, such as regular and cellular telephones, can reach many older adults living with HIV/AIDS.

In response to the lack of age-appropriate risk reduction interventions for HIV-infected older adults who engage in high-risk sex, and the potential of telephone technology to deliver cost-effective risk reduction interventions to this group, this study tested the efficacy of 1- and 4-session telephone-administered behavioral sexual risk reduction interventions for HIV-positive adults 45-plus years of age who engage in risky sexual behaviors.