Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Intercostal Nerve Block For Postoperative Pain Control in Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Prospective, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 100
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Efficacy of ESP block versus Intercostal nerve block in decreasing opioid consumption
研究概览
简要总结
The Erector Spinae Plane (ESP) block is a new interfascial regional anesthesia technique recently described by Forero et al. Currently the literature shows the ESP block being used for analgesia after thoracic surgery, breast surgery, abdominal surgery (visceral abdominal analgesia in bariatric surgery, ventral hernia repair, cholecystectomy), thoracic vertebral surgery and for pain relief in rib fractures. Taking in consideration the excellent clinical experience, but the lack of strong and high-quality evidence, supporting the use of ESP block for pain management in patients undergoing VATS procedures, there is a specific interest to develop a prospective study. Comparing the effect of the current pain relief strategy at the MGH (intercostal nerve block by the surgeon at the end of the procedure ) versus ESP block after VATS, seems warranted to improve current clinical results.
详细描述
In recent years, Video-Assisted Thoracic surgeries (VATS) has become the preferred approach for thoracic surgeries over thoracotomies, due to its clear advantages, such as improved pulmonary function, rapid recovery and reduced pain scores postoperatively. Although pain is reduced in VATS when compared to conventional thoracotomies, patients still experience moderate to severe pain, mainly due to intercostal nerve damage by ports and drains, as well as the surgical resection itself. Adequate pain relief leads to earlier and better mobilization, improves respiratory functions, and decreases global stress response. In addition, it helps in reducing the chances of developing chronic postoperative pain.
Epidural blockade has been recognized as the gold standard for analgesia in thoracic surgeries, with paravertebral blocks (PVB) replacing that standard in VATS procedures, due it's less deleterious adverse effects. Nevertheless, paravertebral blockade still poses some adverse effects such as pneumothorax and the risk of an epidural blockade. Moreover, it might prove difficult to perform in the untrained hand. Thus, a simpler blockade is warranted in patients undergoing VATS.
Proper pain relief is critical in the early postoperative period in VATS surgery, to allow early discharge of patients according to the clinical pathway milestones. The excessive consumption of opioids to achieve this goal on the other hand, may produce complications and side effects not compatible with the early discharge plan.
The Erector Spinae Plane (ESP) block is a new interfascial regional anesthesia technique recently described by Forero et al . It consists of injecting 20 ml of local anesthetic (ie.: ropivacaine 0.5%), under ultrasound guidance, at the level of the T5 transverse process in the tissue plane deep to the erector spinae muscle. A study on the ESP block was conducted on fresh human cadavers; dye mixture was injected deep to erector spinae muscle, and the spread showed to be cranio-caudal from C7 to T8, lateral spread extended to the tips of the transverse processes at all levels, penetration of the dye was beyond the costotransverse junction and anteriorly into the inter transverse spaces. In addition, there was evidence of dye penetration deep to the intercostal muscles and into the immediate vicinity of the ventral and dorsal rami of the spinal nerve roots. The authors discussed the most significant advantage of the ESP block is its simplicity and safety. The sonoanatomy is easily recognizable, there are no structures at risk of needle injury in the immediate surroundings (lower risk of nerve damage and pneumothorax), and is probably safer for patients with coagulation disorders. The technique also allows the insertion of an indwelling catheter to extend the duration of analgesia as needed.
Currently the literature shows the ESP block being used for analgesia after thoracic surgery, breast surgery, abdominal surgery (visceral abdominal analgesia in bariatric surgery, ventral hernia repair, cholecystectomy), thoracic vertebral surgery and for pain relief in rib fractures.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Treatment
- 盲法
- Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 80 Years（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Male and female patients
- •age between 18 to 80 years old
- •scheduled for VATS
- •informed consent explained and signed
排除标准
- •Patients < 18 years old, > 80 years old
- •ASA physical status > 3
- •morbid obesity (BMI >40)
- •previous cardiac surgery or ipsilateral thoracic surgery
- •neuropsychiatric diseases
- •serum albumin < 35 g/L
- •cardiac, renal (creatinine > 200mmol/l) or hepatic failure (aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase > 50 % over the normal range)
- •anemia (hematocrit <30%)
- •organ transplant
- •allergy to analgesics or local anesthetics or other medications used in the study
- •abuse of opioids or sedatives
- •contraindication to receive regional anesthesia (e.g. coagulation defect)
- •patients who could not understand the VAS pain-scoring system
- •patient refusal to follow participation
- •intraoperative conversion to open thoracotomy
- •revision or re-operation or complication of surgery during the follow-up time
- •post operative mechanical ventilation
- •intolerance or allergy to any prescribed medication
研究组 & 干预措施
ESP block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided ESP block (technique as described by Forero et al) under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area. After identifying the T5 transverse process (TP) and after infiltration of lidocaine 2% subcutaneously. A 22g 100mm block needle will be advanced under vision, in a cephalad to caudad direction, until the tip contacts the T5 TP. 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A visible separation of the erector spinae muscle from the TP will be the sign of a successful block. A 20 ml syringe of Normal Saline will be given to the surgeon (unaware of the content) at the end of the surgery, for the intercostal nerve block as per standard present technique.
干预措施: ESP block (Procedure)
ESP sham block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided sham ESP block under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area as described above. 20 ml of Normal Saline will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A 20 ml syringe of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be given to the surgeon (blinded to the content) at the end of the surgery for the intercostal nerve block.
干预措施: Dexamethasone injection (Drug)
ESP block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided ESP block (technique as described by Forero et al) under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area. After identifying the T5 transverse process (TP) and after infiltration of lidocaine 2% subcutaneously. A 22g 100mm block needle will be advanced under vision, in a cephalad to caudad direction, until the tip contacts the T5 TP. 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A visible separation of the erector spinae muscle from the TP will be the sign of a successful block. A 20 ml syringe of Normal Saline will be given to the surgeon (unaware of the content) at the end of the surgery, for the intercostal nerve block as per standard present technique.
干预措施: Sham Intercostal block (Procedure)
ESP block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided ESP block (technique as described by Forero et al) under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area. After identifying the T5 transverse process (TP) and after infiltration of lidocaine 2% subcutaneously. A 22g 100mm block needle will be advanced under vision, in a cephalad to caudad direction, until the tip contacts the T5 TP. 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A visible separation of the erector spinae muscle from the TP will be the sign of a successful block. A 20 ml syringe of Normal Saline will be given to the surgeon (unaware of the content) at the end of the surgery, for the intercostal nerve block as per standard present technique.
干预措施: Bupivacaine-epinephrine (Drug)
ESP block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided ESP block (technique as described by Forero et al) under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area. After identifying the T5 transverse process (TP) and after infiltration of lidocaine 2% subcutaneously. A 22g 100mm block needle will be advanced under vision, in a cephalad to caudad direction, until the tip contacts the T5 TP. 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A visible separation of the erector spinae muscle from the TP will be the sign of a successful block. A 20 ml syringe of Normal Saline will be given to the surgeon (unaware of the content) at the end of the surgery, for the intercostal nerve block as per standard present technique.
干预措施: Dexamethasone injection (Drug)
ESP block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided ESP block (technique as described by Forero et al) under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area. After identifying the T5 transverse process (TP) and after infiltration of lidocaine 2% subcutaneously. A 22g 100mm block needle will be advanced under vision, in a cephalad to caudad direction, until the tip contacts the T5 TP. 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A visible separation of the erector spinae muscle from the TP will be the sign of a successful block. A 20 ml syringe of Normal Saline will be given to the surgeon (unaware of the content) at the end of the surgery, for the intercostal nerve block as per standard present technique.
干预措施: Normal saline (Drug)
ESP sham block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided sham ESP block under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area as described above. 20 ml of Normal Saline will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A 20 ml syringe of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be given to the surgeon (blinded to the content) at the end of the surgery for the intercostal nerve block.
干预措施: Intercostal block (Procedure)
ESP sham block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided sham ESP block under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area as described above. 20 ml of Normal Saline will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A 20 ml syringe of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be given to the surgeon (blinded to the content) at the end of the surgery for the intercostal nerve block.
干预措施: Sham ESP block (Procedure)
ESP sham block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided sham ESP block under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area as described above. 20 ml of Normal Saline will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A 20 ml syringe of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be given to the surgeon (blinded to the content) at the end of the surgery for the intercostal nerve block.
干预措施: Bupivacaine-epinephrine (Drug)
ESP sham block
patients will receive an ultrasound guided sham ESP block under strict sterile conditions in the operating room area as described above. 20 ml of Normal Saline will be injected under the erector spinae muscle. A 20 ml syringe of 0.25% bupivacaine with 5 mcg/ml of epinephrine and 10 mg dexamethasone will be given to the surgeon (blinded to the content) at the end of the surgery for the intercostal nerve block.
干预措施: Normal saline (Drug)
结局指标
主要结局
Efficacy of ESP block versus Intercostal nerve block in decreasing opioid consumption
时间窗: Measured at 24 hours postopertively
measured by total intravenous morphine consumption at 24 hours postopertively. A 25% reduction in morphine consumption would be considered statistically significant.
次要结局
- Ipsilateral shoulder pain scores(2, 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the procedure)
- Efficacy of ESP block versus Intercostal nerve block in decreasing pain intensity upon mobilization: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)(measured at post operative 2, 4,12, 24 and 48 hours)
- Change in pulmonary function(pre-operatively and 2, 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the procedure)
- Efficacy of ESP block versus Intercostal nerve block in decreasing pain intensity at rest: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)(measured at post operative 2, 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours)
- Total opioid consumption(48 hours post operatively)
- Incidence of adverse events(Over the first 48 hours)
- Length of stay in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU)(up to 24 hours)
- Time to first mobilization to the chair(Measured from the arrival time to PACU)
- Length of stay in the hospital(up to 10 days)
- Time to first ambulation (walking) out of bed(Measured from the arrival time to PACU)
- Block performance time(Up to 40 minutes)
- Block related adverse events(First 4 hours postopertively)
研究者
JF Asenjo
Professor of anesthetsia
McGill University Health Centre/Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre