Non-adherence to Pain Medication Increases Risk of Postoperative Frozen Shoulder: A Case Control Study

Background: Postoperative Frozen-Shoulder (FS) or adhesive capsulitis is a relatively frequent complication (5-20%), even after simple arthroscopic shoulder surgeries. The pathophysiology is still unclear, but psychological factors may play a pivotal role. From clinical experience, the investigators hypothesized that participants, who are reluctant to take medications, particularly "pain-killers", have an increased incidence of postoperative FS. The investigators retrospectively compared participants with and without postoperative FS by their attitude towards medication and by depression scale questionnaires.