Impact of Four Weeks of Astaxanthin Supplementation at Varied Doses on Muscle Pain, Muscle Damage Markers, and Total Antioxidant Status in Exercising Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 24
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Assessment of Malondialdehyde (MDA)
研究概览
简要总结
Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory carotenoid. Research examining whether astaxanthin (AX) could counteract exercise-induced muscle damage and improve exercise capacity reported inconsistent results.Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the impact of 4 weeks supplementation with AX on muscle damage markers, total antioxidant status, and subjective marker of muscle pain. Twenty-four males were randomly assigned to the AX12 group (12 mg/day; n=8), AX36 group (36 mg/day; n=9), or placebo group (PLC; n=7). After 4 weeks of supplementation, blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after, and at 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours following eccentric arm exercise at 85% of predetermined one repetition maximum to assess muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), total antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and uric acid), and muscle pain levels were evaluated using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale0-10.
详细描述
This study followed a placebo-controlled, double-blind (participants and co-researcher administering the supplementation), and three-group parallel design to examine the effects of an AX supplement on muscle pain, muscle damage markers, and total antioxidant status (TAS).
Participants reported to the laboratory on 2 separate occasions: one initial session to measure anthropometrics and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) strength of the arm muscles and as well as to collect resting venous blood samples, prior to the four-week supplementation period. Upon arrival at the laboratory for their initial visits, each participant underwent measurements of body mass (MC 780 ST Black) and body height (Telescopic Height Meter), after which resting venous blood samples were collected from the median antecubital vein by a healthcare professional.
Following these baseline measurements, participants were assigned to one of the groups through a strict randomization process, which included selecting boxes numbered up to 24, all with the same size, color, and pattern. Participants were asked to choose one of the random numbers accompanied by an independent person other than the researchers. This process was recorded by the supervisor in paper-based surveys and digitally. Subsequently, all participants were instructed to consume their corresponding supplements (4 mg/day AX, 12 mg/day AX or 12 mg/day PLC) for 4 weeks.
After the 4 weeks of supplementation, participants reported to the laboratory for the post-supplementation measurements that included the collection of blood samples at rest, immediately after, as well as at 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours following completing eccentric arm exercises performed at 85% of predetermined 1RM.
Before obtaining blood samples (i.e., immediately after, and at 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercises), participants were asked to assess their current pain levels using the Numerical Visual Pain Scale (NRS, ranging between 0-10 and 0-100) to determine any correspondence with muscle damage markers in the blood 25.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- Double (Participant, Investigator)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 19 Years 至 25 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Healthy males engaging in recreational activity Aged between 20 and 30 years Non-smoker Not participating in any structured training regimen (i.e., endurance or resistance training programs)
排除标准
- •Use of any supplement or regular medications, Having hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
结局指标
主要结局
Assessment of Malondialdehyde (MDA)
时间窗: 2-6 months
MDA is a natural product of lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation is a well-known mechanism of animal and plant cell damage and suggests the level of oxidative stress or damage in cells and tissues. The MDA levels were assessed using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay kits (Cayman TBARS, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, item no. 10009055) based on the trichloroacetic acid method in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The absorbance measurements were taken using the ChemWell 2910 ELISA reader device (Awareness, Technology, Inc. Martin Hwy. Palm City, USA). The results were presented as mmol Trolox Equiv./L for TAS and µM for MDA.
Assessment of Muscle Pain
时间窗: 2-6 months
The pain sensation in the participants' elbow extensor and elbow flexor muscles was assessed using the NRS. NRS is one of the most widely used scales due to its simplicity and effectiveness for assessing pain intensity across various medical settings and research studies. This scale rates individuals' pain on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing the worst pain imaginable (1-3: mild pain, 4-6: moderate pain, 7-10: severe pain). In this study, we evaluated the participants' pain immediately after exercise and at 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. For this, participants were instructed to move their arms, which were used in the 1RM eccentric arm exercise, from a fully bent position to a fully straight position. During this movement, participants were asked to rate the intensity of pain they experienced.
Assessment of Total Antioxidant Status (TAS)
时间窗: 2-6 months
Serum TAS (mmol Trolox Equiv./L) was determined using the Rel Assay Diagnostics kit (Mega Tip, Gaziantep, Turkey) using the method developed by Erel. This method mediates the production of a hydroxyl radical. The hydroxyl radical is the most powerful among biological radicals. In the test, the Fe ion solution present in reagent 1 is mixed with hydrogen peroxide present in reagent 2. Using this method, the antioxidative effect of the sample against the strong free radical reactions initiated by the hydroxyl radical produced was measured. The test had excellent sensitivity values of \> 97%. Results were expressed as millimoles of Trolox equivalents per liter (mmol Trolox Equiv./L).
Assessment of Muscle Damage Markers: Creatine kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
时间窗: 2-6 months
Serum CK and LDH were analyzed on a fully automatic analyzer (Roche Cobas Integra 400 Plus, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) using ROCHE kits (Mannheim, Germany). Data were calculated using linear regression and measurements were taken at 550 nm.
Assessment of Uric Acid
时间窗: 2-6 months
Uric acid were analyzed on a fully automatic analyzer (Roche Cobas Integra 400 Plus, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) using ROCHE kits (Mannheim, Germany). Data were calculated using linear regression and measurements were taken at 550 nm.
次要结局
- Measurement of One-Repetition Maximum (1RM) Arm Strength(1-5 months)
研究者
Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology
Hacettepe University