Prenatal Intervention of Maternal Stress - Breastfeeding & Infant Neurodevelopment

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Stress; Relaxation; Breastfeeding; Infant Behavior; Prenatal Stress

• Registration Number: NCT06876051
• Lead Sponsor: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

Brief Summary

The goal of this clinical trial is to determine whether antenatal maternal stress management using relaxation techniques improves breastfeeding effectiveness and neonatal neurodevelopmental outcomes. It is hypothesized that reducing maternal stress during pregnancy will enhance the initiation and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding until six months postpartum.

The management of antenatal maternal stress is expected to be reflected in both the newborn's behavior and proteins associated with neurodevelopment, such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Reelin.

The main research questions of this study include the following:

1. Does stress management in pregnant women using relaxation techniques increase the likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding at one and six months postpartum?

2. Does it impact neonatal and infant growth and behavior?

3. Does it alter neurotrophin levels in the fetus? This trial will provide insight into the potential benefits of prenatal stress reduction for both maternal and infant health outcomes.

4. "If prenatal stress management leads to changes in neurotrophins in the fetus, could these changes be linked to the success and duration of breastfeeding, as well as the infant's growth and behavior?

Detailed Description

METHODOLOGY Researchers will compare three groups of pregnant women who will receive three different types of information during pregnancy.

* The first group, or intervention group (IG), will be trained in 8-10 structured individual sessions of relaxation techniques that they will apply throughout the pregnancy, along with structured information about breastfeeding.

* The second group, or Active Control group (ACG), will receive 8 individual structured educational courses about breastfeeding, childbirth and the needs of the newborn, and

* The third group, or Control Group (CG), will receive a standard use information provided by the hospital midwife stuff about childbirth and breastfeeding in 3-4 group meetings .

Participants will be primipara pregnant women native speaking of the Greek language and they will be included in the study after randomization based on the electronic system random.org , between the 15th and 20th week of gestation They will be studied in 4 time periods (phases) .

* The first phase, will be prenatally at the beginning of the study between 15th -20th week of gestation,

* the second phase, will be prenatally at the end of the study between the 34th and 36th week of gestation,

* the third phase, will be in the first month after childbirth and

* the fourth phase, will be in the 6th month of their baby's life. The study as well, will include the newborns of the participants in the third and fourth phase of the study, corresponding them to the group of their mothers.

Comparisons will be in each group and between the groups investigating the alteration of stress, anxiety and depression during the four time periods pre and postnatally . Concurrently the change in the belief of successful breastfeeding during the two first periods of time (phase 1 and 2 ) , prenatally, will be compared with the real outcome at the phase 3 and 4.

For each participant, the following data will be recorded:

Phases 1 and 2:

1. Demographic data

2. Pregnancy stress, assessed using the Prenatal Experience Brief Scale

3. Pregnancy anxiety, assessed using the Pregnancy Anxiety Questionnaire

4. Prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy, assessed using the Prenatal e. Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale

Phases 1, 2, 3, and 4:

1. Perceived stress, assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14)

2. Postpartum depression, assessed using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)

3. Anxiety, assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

Phases 3 and 4:

1. Breastfeeding self-efficacy, assessed using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale

2. Breastfeeding-related questions from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) of the CDC

Phase 4 only :

1. Maternal attachment, assessed using the Maternal Attachment Scale

2. Infant behavior, assessed using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire

For each newborn, the following data will be recorded:

1. Anthropometric measurements at birth (3rd phase) and at six months of age (4th phase).

2. Neonatal behavior, assessed between the 4th and 7th day of life (3rd phase) using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). The evaluation will be conducted by a healthcare professional trained and familiar with the use of this specific behavioral assessment tool.

3. Developmental milestones at six months of age (4th phase).

4. Infant behavior assessment at six months of age (4th phase), conducted using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire, which will be completed by the parents based on their own observations and assessment

Biological Markers Collection and Analysis

The collection of biological markers is structured according to the study phase:

* In phases 1 and 2, salivary cortisol will be measured in pregnant participants. Participants will be asked to collect saliva using Salivettes (Sarstedt), following specific instructions provided by the manufacturer.

* In phases 1 and 3, maternal serum neurotrophins (BDNF and Reelin) will be analyzed. Additionally, in phase 3, umbilical cord serum neurotrophins will be measured.

Saliva Collection and Analysis

Saliva collection will be conducted at four time points throughout the day to assess the circadian rhythm of each pregnant participant:

* Morning, immediately upon awakening

* 30 minutes after awakening

* Afternoon, before lunch (around 3:00 PM)

* Night, before bedtime (around 12:00 AM) Pregnant participants will store the collected samples in the refrigerator until they bring them to the laboratory the following day. At the laboratory, the samples will undergo centrifugation followed by measurement using Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.. The saliva samples will be centrifuged for 2 minutes at 1,000 × g, following the manufacturer's instructions.

Neurotrophin Measurement (BDNF \& Reelin) - Phases 1 and 3

The measurement of BDNF and Reelin neurotrophins will be performed on serum blood samples collected at three time points:

1. Phase 1: At the start of the intervention (between 15-20 weeks of gestation) - maternal blood serum.

2. Phase 3: Before delivery (at hospital admission, marking the end of the prenatal intervention) - maternal blood serum.

3. Phase 3: During delivery - umbilical cord serum only. All blood samples will undergo centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 5-6 minutes. The separated serum will then be transferred into Eppendorf tubes and stored at -80°C until further analysis. Neurotrophin levels (BDNF \& Reelin) will be measured using the ELISA method.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2018-02-01
• Primary Completion: 2023-12-15
• Study Completion: 2024-09-10
• Study First Submitted: 2025-02-09
• Status Verified: 2025-03
• Study First Submitted QC: 2025-03-07
• Last Update Submitted: 2025-03-07
• Study First Posted: 2025-03-14
• Last Update Posted: 2025-03-14

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: Female
• Target Recruitment: 162

Inclusion Criteria

• Primiparous pregnant women
• 14-20 weeks of Gestational Age
• Intention to give birth at the specific maternity hospital
• Greek women or foreigners who know the Greek language very well
• Place of residence: Greece

Exclusion Criteria

• Use of benzodiazepines, major neuroleptics, or psychostimulant medications.
• Pregnant women diagnosed with incurable physical or mental diseases.
• Pregnant women carrying fetuses or newborns with major congenital anomalies or criteria for perinatal asphyxia.
• Pregnant women with stillbirths or newborns who do not survive.
• All mothers and their newborns born before 34 weeks of gestation or requiring hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) for more than 7 days.

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Prenatal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Across Study Groups	1) between 15 - 20 week of gestation and 2) between 35-38 weeks gestation before child birth	This outcome will assess maternal confidence in breastfeeding and actual breastfeeding before childbirth using the Prenatal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (PBSES), a validated tool that measures prenatal maternal perceived ability to breastfeed successfully. The PBSES consists of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with a SUM score ranging from 20 (minimum) to 100 (maximum). Scores will be recorded without a cutoff point, with higher scores indicating greater prenatal maternal confidence in breastfeeding. Comparisons will be conducted among the three study groups to evaluate differences in PBSES scores based on the intervention received.; Statistical analysis will include the comparisons across study groups using ANOVA or non-parametric equivalents. Regression models to explore potential predictors of higher or lower prenatal self-efficacy.
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy across the study groups and the time frames	At 1 and 6 months postpartum	Maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy will be assessed using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES), a validated questionnaire measuring maternal confidence in breastfeeding. The BSES consists of 14 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree). The final score is calculated as the sum of all item scores, with higher scores indicating greater breastfeeding self-efficacy. Minimum Value is 14 (lowest BSES score) and Maximum Value is70 (highest BSES score) Comparative analyses will be conducted across the three study groups to evaluate differences in self-efficacy levels.
Breastfeeding Outcomes Across Study Groups	at 1 and 6 Months Postpartum	Breastfeeding outcomes will be derived from responses to selected PRAMS questions, which indirectly indicate exclusivity. Breastfeeding success will be numerically categorized (1 = Exclusive breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = No breastfeeding) to allow for statistical comparison with Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) scores. The analysis will examine whether higher BSES scores are associated with exclusive or any breastfeeding.
Neurotrophin Levels as Neurodevelopmental Parameters in Maternal Serum and Umbilical Cord Blood across the study groups	In Maternal serum: 1) between the 15th -20th weeks of gestation and 2) at 36-37 weeks of gestation .Additionally Neurotrophins will be measured In Umbilical cord blood: At birth	The levels of neurotrophins, specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Reelin, will be assessed as neurodevelopmental biomarkers in maternal serum at 15-20 weeks and 36-37 weeks of gestation, and in umbilical cord blood at birth.; Neurotrophin quantification will be performed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method, following standardized protocols.; Results will be expressed in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL), and comparative analyses will be conducted to evaluate differences across the three study groups and at different time points.
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Across Study Groups	4-7 days postpartum	Neonatal behavior will be assessed using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), conducted by a personnel trained in administering and scoring the instrumental tool . NBAS contains a large number of individual items scored on a 9-point scale and reflexes scored on a 4-point scale . The evaluated items will be categorized into eight clusters, with scores representing the mean of the item scores within each cluster. The clusters and the number of items per cluster are: 1. Habituation (4 items) , 2. Social -Interactive (7 items) , 3. Motor System (5 items), 4. State Organization(4 items), 5. State Regulation (4 items), 6. Autonomic System (3 items) , 7. Reflexes (18 items), 8. Supplementary Items (7 items)-Additional behavioral observations.
Infant Behavioral Assessment Across Study Groups	IBQ-R SF will be measured at 6 months postpartum	Infant behavior will be assessed using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (IBQ-R SF), completed by parents. The IBQ-R SF consists of 91 items, each rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Never, 7 = Always). Scores are averaged within each of the 14 behavioral subscales, which are further grouped into three broad temperament dimensions. The final score for each subscale or dimension is calculated as the mean of the corresponding item scores, providing a standardized numerical measurement of infant temperament for comparative analyses across the three study groups.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Correlation Between Anxiety and Breastfeeding success	STAI assessment: prenatally at 15-20 and 35-38 weeks of gestation . Postnatally, Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: at 1 and 6 months postpartum.	Anxiety will be assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a validated self-report questionnaire measuring state and trait anxiety, with each subscale consisting of 20 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale, leading to a SUM score range of 20-80 per subscale.; Breastfeeding success will be categorized using PRAMS-based structured questions as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between STAI scores and breastfeeding success using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and delivery mode.
Correlation Between Maternal age and Breastfeeding success	breastfeeding outcomes : at 1 and 6 month postpartum.	This outcome measure will assess the correlation between maternal age (in years) and breastfeeding success across the three study groups.; Breastfeeding success will be categorized as: 1. = No breastfeeding; 2. = Any breastfeeding; 3. = Exclusive breastfeeding Data will be collected using structured PRAMS-based questions.; Statistical analysis: Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient (r-value) will be used to assess the relationship between maternal age and breastfeeding success.; Chi-square tests (χ²) will be used for categorical comparisons.; Multivariate regression analysis will adjust for potential confounders.Unit of Measure: Maternal age: Years (continuous variable) Breastfeeding success: Categorical classification (1, 2, 3); Higher Scores Mean: For maternal age: Not applicable (continuous variable) For breastfeeding success: Higher values (3) indicate better outcomes (exclusive breastfeeding)
Correlation Between Maternal Socioeconomic Status and Breastfeeding success	Household income will be assessed between the 15th and 20th week of gestation, while breastfeeding outcomes will be measured at 1 and 6 months postpartum.	This outcome measure will assess the correlation between household income and breastfeeding success across the three study groups. Household income will be categorized into six levels based on self-reported data collected between the 15th and 20th week of gestation: 1 = Indigent, 2 = \<10,000, 3 = 10,000-20,000, 4 = 20,000-30,000, 5 = 30,000-40,000, and 6 = \>40,000. Breastfeeding success will be categorized as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, and 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding, based on structured PRAMS-based questions. Statistical analysis will include Spearman's correlation coefficient (r-value) to assess the relationship between household income and breastfeeding success. Chi-square tests (χ²) will be used for categorical comparisons, and multivariate regression analysis for potential confounders. Unit of Measure: Household income will be recorded as an ordinal variable (1-6), and breastfeeding success as a categorical variable (1-3)
correlation of maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) and Breastfeeding success across the three study groups.	BMI assessment: Pre-pregnancy (self-reported) and at delivery (clinically measured) Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum	Maternal BMI will be calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m²) and recorded at two time points: before pregnancy (self-reported) and at the time of delivery (measured clinically). Maternal BMI: kg/m²; Breastfeeding success will be assessed using structured PRAMS-based questions, categorizing success as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between maternal BMI and breastfeeding outcomes using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and delivery mode.
Correlation Between Pregnancy-Related Anxiety (PRAQ-R2) and Breastfeeding Success across study groups	PRAQ-R2 assessment: Between 15-20 and 35-38 weeks of gestation Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum	Pregnancy-related anxiety will be assessed using the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2), a validated self-report questionnaire consisting of 11 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all relevant, 5 = Completely relevant), resulting in a SUM score ranging from 11 (lowest anxiety) to 55 (highest anxiety).; Breastfeeding success will be categorized using PRAMS-based structured questionnaires as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between PRAQ-R2 scores and breastfeeding success using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and delivery mode.
Influence of Neonatal Behavior on Breastfeeding Outcomes	NBAS is evaluating between the first 4-7 days of life. Breastfeeding assessment will be at 1 and 6 months postpartum	This outcome measure examines how neonatal behavior influences breastfeeding success across study groups. Neonatal behavior will be assessed using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) between the 3rd and 7th day postpartum, evaluating responses to stimuli, alertness, and sucking reflex. Breastfeeding success will be categorized as exclusive, partial, or no breastfeeding, based on structured breastfeeding questionnaires. Additional data will capture early neonatal feeding behaviors, such as skin-to-skin contact, first latch attempts, and initial feeding difficulties. Comparative analyses will assess differences between study groups, while correlation and regression models will explore whether more adaptive neonatal behaviors are associated with higher breastfeeding success rates.
Correlation Between Neurotrophin Levels and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy across the study groups	Neurotrophin levels: Maternal serum (15-20 and 36-37 weeks gestation), Umbilical cord blood (at birth) Breastfeeding self-efficacy: 1 and 6 months postpartum	This outcome measure examines the correlation between neurotrophin levels (BDNF, Reelin) and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy across the three study groups. Neurotrophin levels will be measured in maternal serum and in umbilical cord blood using ELISA (pg/mL). Breastfeeding self-efficacy will be measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) with SUM score (Range: 14-70) Statistical analyses will include Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, with regression models adjusting for confounders.
Correlation between Prenatal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Breastfeeding Outcomes Across Study Groups	PBSES assessment: 15-20 weeks and 35-38 weeks of gestation Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum	Maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy will be assessed prenatally using the Prenatal Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Scale (PBSES), consisting of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (SUM score range: 20-100), to assess maternal confidence in breastfeeding during pregnancy. There are no cut-off points. As the scores get higher, the prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy increases. Breastfeeding success will be categorized numerically as: 1 = No breastfeeding , 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will examine correlations between prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy, and breastfeeding success.; For PBSES: Higher scores indicate greater prenatal breastfeeding For breastfeeding success: Higher values indicate greater breastfeeding success.
Correlation between Postnatal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Breastfeeding Outcomes Across Study Groups	BSES assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum	Postnatal breastfeeding self-efficacy will be assessed using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES), a validated questionnaire consisting of 14 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (SUM score range: 14-70).; Breastfeeding outcomes will be evaluated using structured PRAMS-based questions, categorizing success as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between postnatal BSES scores and breastfeeding outcomes using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders.
Correlation between Salivary Cortisol levels and Breastfeeding outcomes across the study groups	Salivary cortisol levels at 35-38 week of gestation . Breastfeeding success at 1 month postpartum	Salivary cortisol will be measured prenatally, using Salivette (Sarstedt) devices and analyzed via Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (nmol/L).; Breastfeeding outcomes will be evaluated using structured PRAMS-based questions, categorizing success as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between prenatal maternal cortisol levels and breastfeeding outcomes using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders.
Correlation Between Infant Behavior and Breastfeeding Success across the three study groups	IBQ-R SF assessment: 6 months postpartum Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 6 months postpartum	Infant behavior will be assessed at 6 months postpartum using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (IBQ-R SF), a validated parental-report measure of temperament. Breastfeeding success will be categorized as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Partial breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding, based on structured breastfeeding questionnaires. Unit of Measure: IBQ-R SF score: Mean score per subscale (temperament domains) Breastfeeding success: Categorical classification (1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Partial breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding) Statistical analyses will assess correlations between IBQ-R SF scores and breastfeeding success using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders.
correlation between newborn hospitalization and breastfeeding success across the study groups	Neonatal hospitalization assessment: At birth Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum	This outcome measure examines the correlation between neonatal hospitalization (Yes/No) and breastfeeding success across the three study groups. Neonatal hospitalization will be defined as admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) or other specialized care units after birth, and recorded as a binary variable (Yes = 1, No = 0).; Breastfeeding success will be categorized based on structured PRAMS-based questions as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess associations between neonatal hospitalization and breastfeeding success using Chi-square tests (χ²) for categorical comparisons, while logistic regression models will adjust for potential confounders such as gestational age, birth weight, and maternal health factors. For neonatal hospitalization: Not applicable (binary variable) For breastfeeding success: Higher values indicate greater breastfeeding success
Correlation of Breastfeeding difficulties and postpartum breastfeeding support with breastfeeding success across the study groups	Assessment of breastfeeding difficulties and postpartum support: 4 days postpartum Breaffeidng success at 1 and 6 months after birth	Breastfeeding difficulties will be assessed using 11 PRAMS-based questions, where each item is answered as Yes (2) or No (1), resulting in a SUM score ranging from 11 (minimum difficulties) to 22 (maximum difficulties).; Postpartum breastfeeding support from maternity hospital staff will be evaluated using 12 PRAMS-based questions, where each item is answered as Yes (2) or No (1), leading to a SUM score ranging from 12 (lowest support) to 24 (highest support).; Breastfeeding success will be categorized based on PRAMS-based structured questionnaires, as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between breastfeeding difficulties, postpartum support, and breastfeeding success using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and delivery mode.
Correlation Between Mode of Delivery and Breastfeeding Success across the study groups	Mode of delivery assessment: At birth Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum	This outcome measure examines the correlation between mode of delivery and breastfeeding success across the three study groups. Mode of delivery will be categorized as follows: 1 = Cesarean section 2 = Vaginal delivery 3 = Vaginal delivery with induction 4 = Induction attempted for vaginal delivery but resulted in cesarean section 5 = Cesarean section with general anesthesia 6 = Emergency cesarean section Breastfeeding success will be categorized using PRAMS-based structured questionnaires as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between mode of delivery and breastfeeding success using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while logistic regression models will adjust for confounders such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and gestational age at birth.; Units of Measure are Mode of delivery: Categorical classification (1-6) Breastfeeding success: Categorical classification (1 - 3)
Correlation Between Postpartum Depression (EPDS) and Breastfeeding Success across the study groups	EPDS assessment: postnatally 1 and 6 months postpartum nad prenatally at 35-38 week of gestation Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum	Postpartum depression symptoms will be assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a 10-item self-report questionnaire, where each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3), resulting in a SUM score ranging from 0 (no depressive symptoms) to 30 (severe depressive symptoms). Cutoff point will be 10 .; Breastfeeding success will be categorized using PRAMS-based structured questionnaires as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between EPDS scores and breastfeeding success using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and mode of delivery.
Correlation Between Stressful Life Events (Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale) and Breastfeeding Success	Assessment of stressful life events: During pregnancy for the last year . Breastfeeding outcomes assessment: 1 and 6 months postpartum	Stressful life events will be assessed using the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale, a validated tool that assigns weighted scores to 43 life events during the last year based on their relative stress impact. The total score is calculated as a SUM score, with higher values indicating greater exposure to stress and increased health risk. Breastfeeding success will be categorized using PRAMS-based structured questionnaires as 1 = No breastfeeding, 2 = Any breastfeeding, 3 = Exclusive breastfeeding. Statistical analyses will assess correlations between Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale scores and breastfeeding success using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients, while regression models will adjust for confounders such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and mode of delivery.Unit of Measure: Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale score: SUM score (higher values indicate greater exposure to stress) and Breastfeeding success: Categorical classification (1-3)

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Maternity Hospital "ELENA VENIZELOU"; 🇬🇷 Athens, Attica, Greece