WhatsApp Messaging Versus SMART Goal-setting to Improve Therapeutic Adherence in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care: a Quasi-experimental Study
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Enrollment
- 250
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Therapeutic adherence
Study Overview
Brief Summary
A quasi-experimental, non-randomized, prospective, longitudinal study comparing the use of WhatsApp messaging versus the SMART technique in patients with type 2 diabetes to improve treatment adherence
Detailed Description
The study included patients with type 2 diabetes who received training on diabetes, lifestyle, and self-management prior to the implementation of reinforcement messages or the use of the SMART technique at a primary care facility in Mexico.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Non Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Supportive Care
- Masking
- None
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to 65 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- No
Inclusion Criteria
- •• Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- •Patients enrolled in UMF
- •Men and women between the ages of 35 and
- •Patients who agree to participate, understand the informed consent form, and sign it.
- •Patients who have a cell phone and the WhatsApp app.
Exclusion Criteria
- •• Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
- •Patients with dementia, schizophrenia, alcoholism, drug addiction, cancer, Parkinson's disease, hearing and vision impairments, and comprehension and language disorders.
- •Pregnant patients.
- •Patients who cannot read or write.
- •Exclusion Criteria
- •Patients who withdraw their consent.
- •Patients who fail to attend laboratory tests, questionnaire administration, or regular medical appointments.
- •Patient death.
- •Changes in health insurance enrollment.
- •Loss of health insurance coverage.
Arms & Interventions
Group I received WhatsApp messages
Group I: Participants received behavioral training and education on T2D, treatment adherence, and polypharmacy, along with the messages shown below via WhatsApp. Positive reinforcement messages were sent once every two days for two weeks, followed by one per week for three weeks.
Intervention: Group I (WhatsApp) motivational and educational messages delivered periodically (Other)
Group II underwent the SMART S(Specific), M(Measurable, A(Achievable), R(Relevant), T(Timetechnique
Group II: To implement the SMART method, the patient was first given an explanation of the concept of a goal or objective, as well as what each of the concepts of the SMART method entails. The participant was then asked to identify a goal that meets the SMART criteria and, above all, is measurable.
Intervention: Group II: To implement the SMART method (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Therapeutic adherence
Time Frame: Assessments were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024) and "6 months" after the intervention (May to June 2025)
According to the Morisky-Green questionnaire: Good \>8 points, Fair 6-7 points, Poor \<6 points
Secondary Outcomes
- multipharmacy(Evaluations were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024).)
- Glucose(Assessments were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024) and "6 months" after the intervention (May to June 2025).)
Investigators
María Magdalena Valencia Gutiérrez
Principal Investigator, Master of Science in Health Sciences
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social