Assessing the Impact of Front-of-package Nutrient Labels on Consumer Understanding and Behavior
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 10,601
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Correct assessment of "high" nutrients
研究概览
简要总结
This study aims to compare different front-of-package label designs, using two schemes: (1) High In and (2) Nutrition Info with each scheme having (1) a version with colors (i.e., green, yellow, and/or red) indicating level of nutrient content and (2) a black-and-white version. Additionally the Nutrition Info scheme will have a version that includes the percent Daily Value in black and white. Labels will be compared against a no-label control and one another.
详细描述
This study aims to compare different front-of-package label designs, using two schemes: (1) High In and (2) Nutrition Info. The labels will have variations, such as color, and will be compared to a no-label control and one another. There will be a total of 6 experimental conditions: 1) High In label with color; 2) High In label in black and white; 3) Nutrition Info label with color; 4) Nutrition Info in black and white; 5) Nutrition Info label in black and white with percent Daily Value listed; and 6) a no-label control.
Participants will view a series of food-and-beverage products labeled (or not) according to condition. The three primary outcomes are: (1) correct assessment of high nutrient contents in food-and-beverage products, (2) perceived healthfulness of packaged foods and beverages, and (3) selection of at least one item high in at least one nutrient of concern (saturated fat, sodium, added sugar) in a shopping task. Perceived message effectiveness will be examined as a secondary outcome.
All statistical analyses will use two-tailed tests with a significance level of <0.05. Per CONSORT Guidelines, all models comparing labels will be bivariate, regressing outcomes on indicators for labeling condition. For continuous outcomes, linear regression models will be used, and for dichotomous outcomes, risk ratios (or probability ratios) will be estimated using Poisson regression with a robust error variance.
Effect modification of the labels on primary outcomes will be explored for type 2 diabetes status and sociodemographic variables important for health equity using interaction terms and stratified models.
Additionally, differences in the primary outcomes between each of the 6 unique conditions will be explored.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Factorial
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- Single (Investigator)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 99 Years（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Equal or greater than 18 years of age
- •English-speaking
- •U.S. residents
- •Have eaten restaurant food at least once in the last month
- •Participants will reflect the U.S. Census Bureau's 2021 American Community Survey 5-year estimates for gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and age
排除标准
- •Failing the attention check question
- •Completing the survey in less than 33% of the median completion time
研究组 & 干预措施
No-label Control
Participants will see packaged food-and-beverage items with no front-of-package labels (other than any posted by the manufacturer).
High-In with color
Participants will see packaged food-and-beverage items displaying front-of-package labels that say, "High In [nutrient]" (nutrients: saturated fat, sodium, or added sugar) if the item contains 20% or more of the daily recommended limit per serving for each nutrient. The nutrients will be highlighted in red.
If the item is not high in 1 or 2 of the nutrients, the nutrient(s) will not be on the label. If the item is not high in any of the 3 nutrients, the product will not display this label.
干预措施: Front-of-package label (Other)
High-In black and white
Participants will see packaged food-and-beverage items displaying front-of-package labels that say, "High In [nutrient]" (nutrients: saturated fat, sodium, or added sugar) if the item contains 20% or more of the daily recommended limit per serving for each nutrient. The label will have a white background and black text.
If the item is not high in 1 or 2 of the nutrients, the nutrient(s) will not be on the label. If the item is not high in any of the 3 nutrients, the product will not display this label.
干预措施: Front-of-package label (Other)
Nutrition Info with color
Participants will see packaged food-and-beverage items displaying front-of-package labels that list "high", "medium", or "low" for saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars. "High" is defined as 20% or more of the daily recommended limit per serving, "medium" as 6-19%, and "low" as 5% or less. The word "high" will be highlighted red; the word "medium" will be highlighted yellow; and the word "low" will be highlighted green.
干预措施: Front-of-package label (Other)
Nutrition Info black and white
Participants will see packaged food-and-beverage items displaying front-of-package labels that list "high", "medium", or "low" for saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars. "High" is defined as 20% or more of the daily recommended limit per serving, "medium" as 6-19%, and "low" as 5% or less. The label will have a white background and black text.
干预措施: Front-of-package label (Other)
Nutrition Info without color, with percent Daily Value
Participants will see packaged food-and-beverage items displaying front-of-package labels that list "high", "medium", or "low" for saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars. "High" is defined as 20% or more of the daily recommended limit per serving, "medium" as 6-19%, and "low" as 5% or less. The label will also list the exact percent of the daily recommended limit (i.e., daily value) for each nutrient per serving. The label will have a white background and black text.
干预措施: Front-of-package label (Other)
结局指标
主要结局
Correct assessment of "high" nutrients
时间窗: Within approximately 5 minutes of intervention exposure
Participants will view 4 foods and indicate whether each food is high in each of saturated fat, sodium, and added sugar. A "correct" response is identifying a high-in product as high in the corresponding nutrient and identifying a not high-in product as not high in the corresponding nutrient; otherwise the response is "incorrect". Participants will provide 12 responses (3 nutrients across 4 foods), and the percent correct for each participant will be used as a continuous outcome in linear regression. If the distribution of percent correct is skewed, analysis may use all 12 dichotomous responses in a mixed model, accounting for within subject correlation. In sensitivity analyses, this outcome will be (1) examined by nutrient and (2) dichotomized as correct assessment of all nutrients in each meal.
Perceived healthfulness
时间窗: Within approximately 5 minutes of intervention exposure
Participants will provide a healthfulness score (response scale from 1-7) for up to 6 different products. The average score across products will be used as a continuous outcome in linear regression models. In sensitivity analyses, scores will be examined by product and product grouping.
Selection of a product high in a nutrient of concern
时间窗: Within approximately 5 minutes of intervention exposure
Participants will select a food and beverage they would purchase for themselves from hypothetical grocery store shelves displaying foods and beverages. The dichotomous outcome is selection of an item that is high in at least one nutrient of concern (compared to not selecting an item high in at least one nutrient of concern), examined overall and separately for foods and beverages. Analyzed in Poisson regression with robust SE to directly estimate risk ratios.
次要结局
- Perceived message effectiveness(Within approximately 5 minutes of intervention exposure)
研究者
Jennifer Falbe
Associate Professor
University of California, Davis