Azithromycin to Prevent Wheezing Following Severe RSV Bronchiolitis-II

Phase 2

Completed

• Conditions: Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bronchiolitis
• Interventions: Drug: Placebo; Drug: Oral azithromycin

• Registration Number: NCT02911935
• Lead Sponsor: Washington University School of Medicine

Brief Summary

The main objective of the APW-RSV II clinical trial is to evaluate if the addition of azithromycin to routine bronchiolitis care, among infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis, reduces the occurrence of recurrent wheeze during the preschool years.

Detailed Description

The APW-RSV II clinical trial is a double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomized trial, including otherwise healthy 188 participants, ages 1-18 months, who are hospitalized due to RSV bronchiolitis. The study includes active treatment phase with azithromycin or placebo for 2 weeks, and an observational phase for up to 48 months.

The main objective of the APW-RSV II clinical trial is to evaluate if the addition of azithromycin to routine bronchiolitis care, among infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis, reduces the occurrence of recurrent wheeze (RW) during the preschool years.

Study participants will be enrolled during 3 consecutive RSV seasons beginning in Fall 2016. Study participants will be randomized to receive PO azithromycin 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days followed by 5mg/kg/day for additional 7 days, or matched placebo. The primary clinical outcome is the time to the occurrence of a third episode of wheezing. The duration of follow up is 18-48 months, which is determined based on the year in which the participants is recruited: first year recruits will be followed for up to 48 months, while the 3rd year recruits will be followed for at least 18 months.

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2016-09-18
• Study First Submitted QC: 2016-09-20
• Study First Posted: 2016-09-22
• Study Start: 2016-11
• Primary Completion: 2021-04
• Study Completion: 2021-04
• Results First Submitted: 2022-04-18
• Status Verified: 2022-06
• Results First Submitted QC: 2022-06-06
• Last Update Submitted: 2022-06-06
• Results First Posted: 2022-06-07
• Last Update Posted: 2022-06-07

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 200

Inclusion Criteria

• Age: 1-18 months.
• Hospitalization for the first episode of RSV bronchiolitis.
• Confirmed RSV infection by positive nasal swab results (PCR assay and/or direct antigen detection).
• At least two of the following symptoms/signs of bronchiolitis: respiratory rate greater than 40 breaths/minute; cough; wheezing; audible rales, crackles, and/or rhonchi; paradoxical chest movements (retractions)28.
• Duration of respiratory symptoms from onset of symptoms of the current illness to admission is 120 hours (5 days) or less.
• Randomization can be performed within 168 hours (7 days) from onset of symptoms.
• Willingness to provide informed consent by the child's parent or guardian.

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Exclusion Criteria

• Prematurity (gestational age < 36 weeks).
• Presence or history of other significant disease (CNS, lung, cardiac, renal, GI, hepatic disease, hematologic, endocrine or immune disease). Children with atopic dermatitis and/or food allergy will not be excluded from the study.
• Clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux currently treated with a daily anti-reflux medication (anti- H2 or PPI).
• The child has significant developmental delay/failure to thrive, defined as weight < 3% for age and gender.
• History of previous (before the current episode) wheeze or previous (before the current episode) treatment with albuterol.
• History of previous treatment with corticosteroid (systemic or inhaled) for respiratory issues.
• Treatment (past or present) with montelukast.
• Treatment with any macrolide antibiotic (azithromycin, clarithromycin or erythromycin) over the past 4 weeks or current treatment with any macrolide antibiotic. Current or prior treatment with non-macrolide antibiotic is not an exclusion criterion.
• Chronic treatment with any daily medication other than vitamins or nutritional supplements. Although routine vitamin D supplement (400 IU per day) is not an exclusion criterion, high dose vitamin D supplements are not allowed.
• Participation in another clinical trial.
• Participant requires invasive mechanical ventilation due to RSV bronchiolitis.
• Evidence that the family may be unreliable or non-adherent, or has definitive plans to move from the clinical center area before trial completion.
• Contraindication of use of azithromycin or any other macrolide antibiotics such as history of allergic reaction (or other adverse reaction) to these antibiotics.
• Diagnosis of asthma.
• Treatment with other medication that may cause QT interval prolongation.

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Placebo	Placebo	Oral Placebo
Oral azithromycin	Oral azithromycin	Oral Azithromycin

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants Who Experienced the Occurrence of a Third Episode of Post-RSV Wheezing (Recurrent Wheeze)	Follow up duration of 18-48 months	Episodes of wheezing were captured at each of the study telephone interviews and clinic visits using the question, "Has your child's chest sounded wheezy or whistling (with and without a cold)?". A new wheezing episode was defined if at least 7 days without wheezing had been reported since the previous episode.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants Who Had Physician Asthma Diagnosis	Follow up duration of 18-48 months	Physician asthma diagnosis were captured at each of the study telephone interviews and clinic visits using the question, "Has the doctor told you that your child has asthma?".
Annualized Number of Days With Respiratory Symptoms (Wheezing, Cough, or Shortness of Breath)	Follow up duration of 18-48 months	The number of days with respiratory symptoms were captured during clinic visits and by telephone interviews every other month using two questions, "Does your child have coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or chest tightness during the daytime?", "If yes, estimate the number of days". We used a negative binomial regression analysis with an offset term to adjust for duration of follow-up to get the annualized rate estimate.
Annualized Number of Days With Albuterol Use	Follow up duration of 18-48 months	The number of days with albuterol use were captured during clinic visits and by telephone interviews every other month using two questions, "Has your child taken Albuterol (also known as Ventolin, Pro-air, Proventil)?" and "please estimate # of days your child had albuterol treatments since the last visit". We used a negative binomial regression analysis with an offset term to adjust for duration of follow-up to get the annualized rate estimate.
Annualized Number of Oral Corticosteroid Courses	Follow up duration of 18-48 months	The number of oral corticosteroid courses were captured during clinic visits and by telephone interviews every other month using two questions, "Has your child taken Oral steroids (Prednisone, Prednisolone, Orapred, Dexamethasone)?" and "how many separate courses of steroids has your child had since the last visit?". We used a negative binomial regression analysis with an offset term to adjust for duration of follow-up to get the annualized rate estimate.
Annualized Number of Antibiotic Courses	Follow up duration of 18-48 months	The number of antibiotic courses were captured during clinic visits and by telephone interviews every other month using two questions, "Has your child taken any antibiotics?" and "How many separate prescriptions has your child taken of an antibiotic(s)?". We used a negative binomial regression analysis with an offset term to adjust for duration of follow-up to get the annualized rate estimate.
Number of Participants Who Experienced Serious Adverse Events	Follow up duration of 18-48 months	Serious Adverse Event were captured during clinic visits and by telephone interviews every other month using designed SAE form.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine; and St. Louis Children's Hospital; 🇺🇸 Saint Louis, Missouri, United States