Effects of Changes of Direction on Repeated-Sprint Performance, Perceived Exertion, and Acute Cardiovascular Responses in Adolescent Female Basketball Players: A Randomized Crossover Study
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- Pamukkale University
- Enrollment
- 20
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Average Sprint Time
Study Overview
Brief Summary
The purpose of this randomized crossover study was to compare the acute effects of repeated-sprint protocols incorporating different numbers of 180-degree changes of direction in adolescent female basketball players. Twenty participants completed three exercise conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced order: 10 × 15-m linear sprints, 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating one 180-degree change of direction, and 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating two 180-degree changes of direction. Each sprint was followed by 30 seconds of passive recovery. Sprint performance, perceived exertion, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. The study examined whether increasing the number of changes of direction affected repeated-sprint performance and acute perceptual and cardiovascular responses.
Detailed Description
This was an acute, randomized, counterbalanced, three-condition crossover study in which each participant completed all experimental conditions and served as her own control.
Following a standardized warm-up, participants completed one of three repeated-sprint protocols during each experimental condition: 10 × 15-m linear sprints without a change of direction, 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating one 180-degree change of direction, or 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating two 180-degree changes of direction. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions. Total sprint distance, number of repetitions, and recovery duration were standardized across the three conditions; only the number of changes of direction differed.
Sprint times were recorded using electronic timing gates. Best, average, and worst sprint times were determined, and sprint decrement and the change from best to worst performance were calculated. Rating of perceived exertion was recorded after each protocol. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed immediately before and after each condition.
The experimental conditions were compared to determine whether increasing the number of 180-degree changes of direction altered absolute repeated-sprint performance, performance maintenance, perceived exertion, or immediate cardiovascular responses.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Crossover
- Primary Purpose
- Other
- Masking
- None
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 16 Years to 18 Years (Child, Adult)
- Sex
- Female
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •Female basketball players aged 16-18 years.
- •Currently competing in the U16 or U18 basketball leagues in Denizli, Türkiye.
- •At least two years of structured basketball training experience.
- •Regular participation in at least three training sessions and one official match per week.
- •No injury or illness that could prevent maximal sprint performance.
Exclusion Criteria
- •Reporting an injury before testing that could prevent maximal sprint performance.
- •Failure to attend all testing sessions or complete all three experimental conditions.
Arms & Interventions
Sequence 1: Linear-One-COD-Two-COD
Participants assigned to Sequence 1 completed the linear repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the one-COD condition during the second session, and the two-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Sequence 3: Two-COD-Linear-One-COD
Participants assigned to Sequence 3 completed the two-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the linear condition during the second session, and the one-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Sequence 2: One-COD-Two-COD-Linear
Participants assigned to Sequence 2 completed the one-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the two-COD condition during the second session, and the linear condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Sequence 1: Linear-One-COD-Two-COD
Participants assigned to Sequence 1 completed the linear repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the one-COD condition during the second session, and the two-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Sequence 1: Linear-One-COD-Two-COD
Participants assigned to Sequence 1 completed the linear repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the one-COD condition during the second session, and the two-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Sequence 2: One-COD-Two-COD-Linear
Participants assigned to Sequence 2 completed the one-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the two-COD condition during the second session, and the linear condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Sequence 2: One-COD-Two-COD-Linear
Participants assigned to Sequence 2 completed the one-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the two-COD condition during the second session, and the linear condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Sequence 3: Two-COD-Linear-One-COD
Participants assigned to Sequence 3 completed the two-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the linear condition during the second session, and the one-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Sequence 3: Two-COD-Linear-One-COD
Participants assigned to Sequence 3 completed the two-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the linear condition during the second session, and the one-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours.
Intervention: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol (Behavioral)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Average Sprint Time
Time Frame: Throughout the 10-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions, approximately 5 minutes per condition.
The mean completion time of the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was calculated separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Best Sprint Time
Time Frame: During the 10-sprint protocol in each experimental session, approximately 5 minutes per condition.
The fastest completion time (lowest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Worst Sprint Time
Time Frame: During the 10-sprint protocol in each experimental session, approximately 5 minutes per condition.
The slowest completion time (highest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Average Sprint Time
Time Frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.
The mean completion time of the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was calculated separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Best Sprint Time
Time Frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.
The fastest completion time (lowest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Worst Sprint Time
Time Frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.
The slowest completion time (highest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Average Sprint Time
Time Frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
The mean completion time of the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was calculated separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Best Sprint Time
Time Frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
The fastest completion time (lowest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Worst Sprint Time
Time Frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
The slowest completion time (highest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Secondary Outcomes
- Sprint Decrement(Calculated from the 10 sprint times recorded during each experimental session, approximately 5 minutes per condition.)
- Diastolic Blood Pressure(Immediately before and immediately after each of the three experimental conditions.)
- Worst-to-Best Decrement(Calculated from the best and worst sprint times recorded during each experimental session, approximately 5 minutes per condition.)
- Rating of Perceived Exertion(Immediately after the post-exercise cardiovascular measurements following each of the three experimental conditions.)
- Heart Rate(Immediately before and immediately after each of the three experimental conditions.)
- Peripheral Oxygen Saturation(Immediately before and immediately after each of the three experimental conditions.)
- Systolic Blood Pressure(Immediately before and immediately after each of the three experimental conditions.)
- Sprint Decrement(During the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.)
- Worst-to-Best Decrement(During the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.)
- Rating of Perceived Exertion(Immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.)
- Heart Rate(Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.)
- Peripheral Oxygen Saturation(Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.)
- Systolic Blood Pressure(Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.)
- Diastolic Blood Pressure(Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in each of the three experimental sessions (Sessions 1, 2, and 3), each lasting approximately 5 minutes, with at least 48 hours between sessions.)
- Sprint Decrement(Calculated from the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.)
- Worst-to-Best Decrement(Calculated from the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.)
- Rating of Perceived Exertion(Immediately after completion of the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.)
- Heart Rate(Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.)
- Peripheral Oxygen Saturation(Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.)
- Systolic Blood Pressure(Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.)
- Diastolic Blood Pressure(Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.)
Investigators
Engin Güneş Atabaş
Assistant Professor
Pamukkale University