Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) in Diabetic Fatty Liver

Phase 2

Completed

Conditions: Fatty Liver

Interventions: Drug: Polyunsaturated fatty acid (Opti-EPA)
Drug: Placebo

Registration Number: NCT00323414

Lead Sponsor: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Brief Summary: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most severe form of liver injury in the spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has emerged as the major cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries. Among adults in the United States, the prevalence is between 5.7% and 17%. These rates are expected to increase concurrent with the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are the major risk factors for NAFLD and NASH. In addition to its high prevalence, NASH is also a progressive fibrotic disease that advances to cirrhosis and liver related death in 20% and 12% of patients, respectively. Among NASH patients with cirrhosis, 40% have liver related death. Diabetics are particularly prone to experience these poor outcomes. No therapy has been proven effective for patients with NASH.

The purpose of this study is to find out whether treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid \[EPA\] combined with docosahexaenoic acid \[DHA\] called Opti-EPA) improves NASH compared to treatment with placebo pills. The placebo pills will contain corn oil and will be contained in a capsule, but have no medical effect on the body. The investigators will determine improvement in NASH from microscopic changes in the subject's liver tissue during 48 weeks of treatment. This means that the subject will need to have a liver biopsy before and after the treatment.

Omega-3 fatty acids are a form of polyunsaturated fats, one of the four basic types of fat that the body gets from food. (Cholesterol, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat are the others.) One's body does not make this type of fat; it comes from food sources. These fats are found in foods like cold water fish (tuna, salmon, and mackerel), and vegetable products like flaxseed oil and walnuts.

Research shows that polyunsaturated fats are good for people. Studies have shown that it is good for heart health by playing a role in keeping blood cholesterol levels low, keeping irregular heart rhythms stable, and reducing blood pressure.

The drug being studied, Opti-EPA, is a nutritional supplement. They do not have to be reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) like medicines do. Opti-EPA is considered experimental in this study. This means that the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved it for use in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Detailed Description: Although there is no proven effective treatment of NASH, dietary supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA's) may be beneficial. This suggestion is based on three previously reported observations: first, patients with NASH consume less PUFAs and more saturated fats than subjects without NASH. Second, PUFAs are beneficial in patients with hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia. Third, PUFAs decrease lipid peroxidation and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in animal models of NAFLD.

We therefore hypothesize that the administration of these PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) will reduce hepatic fat content, inflammation and hepatic injury in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have NASH.

Aims

To determine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have NASH if dietary supplementation with purified omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) will:

1. Decrease the histologic severity of NASH.

2. Alter the expression of genes important in the pathways of hepatic lipid synthesis and oxidation.

Study design:

Patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be randomized to receive omega-3 fatty acids or placebo. Stratified randomization will be done based on the NASH Clinical Research Network pathology score of 5.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 37

Inclusion Criteria

Adult patients (age >18 years)
Have type 2 diabetes mellitus with good control of blood sugar (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] <7.5%) and will have been on a stable regimen of anti-diabetic agents for more than 4 months.
NASH established on liver biopsy done within 6 months prior to inclusion in the study as determined by established histologic criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Cirrhosis of the liver
End stage target organ damage in diabetes mellitus: advanced renal failure (serum creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl) with or without dialysis, severe neuropathy, or advanced peripheral vascular disease.
Any organ dysfunction with anticipated life expectancy of less than 2 years
Co-existent etiologies for liver disease
Significant alcohol consumption, defined as more than 30 g per day in men and more than 20 g per day in women.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (Opti-EPA)	Polyunsaturated fatty acid (Opti-EPA)	Polyunsaturated fatty acid will consist of purified EPA:DHA (360 mg EPA and 240 mg DHA) 6 gelcaps-3 capsules by mouth 2x per day x 48 weeks
Placebo	Placebo	Gelcaps containing corn oil as placebo 6 capsules 3 capsules by mouth 2 x per day for 48 weeks

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants With Improvement of >= 2 Points in NAFLD Activity Score (NAS)	48 weeks	The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) is a score based on the liver biopsy. It represents the sum of scores for steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning, and ranges from 0-8, with high scores indicating more activity.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Values	48 weeks	Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) measures insulin resistance, calculated by fasting insulin (μU/mL) multiplied by fasting glucose (mg/dL), and divided by a constant (405). A higher score indicates higher insulin resistance.
Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) Levels	48 weeks	Aspartate amino transferase (IU/dL) at 48 weeks
Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) Levels	48 weeks	Alanine amino transferase (IU/dL) ay 48 weeks
HbA1C Levels	48 weeks	Hemoglobin A1c
Blood Glucose Levels	48 weeks	Fasting blood glucose