Low-Dose Intravenous Ketamine Bolus Versus Conventional Technique for Reduction of Upper and Lower Extremity Fractures in Children: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 2 期
- 入组人数
- 198
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Sedation depth
研究概览
简要总结
Abstract Background: Ketamine has been introduced as one of the most common drugs, administered to sedate children for different painful procedures in the emergency department (ED) but administration in higher dosage causes some severe complications. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose intravenous ketamine bolus versus conventional injection for reduction of upper and lower extremity fractures in children.
Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 198 participants with upper and lower extremity fractures were enrolled. The participants were divided randomly into two groups. In the intervention group, ketamine 1% was administered rapidly at a dose of 0.5 mg / kg (within 5 seconds), and in the control group, ketamine 1.5 mg / kg was slowly injected for 30 to 60 seconds. Then outcomes such as sedation depth and complications were measured for every two minutes and satisfaction of participants and physicians were recorded.
Results: Results showed that the successful sedation rate in the low dose ketamine group was significantly lower, as compared to the control group (7% vs 100%) (p<0.001). Moreover, In terms of duration of drug effect and of recovery, the low dose ketamine group were significantly lower compared with the group receiving higher dosage of ketamine (p<0.05). Furthermore, the sedation depth based on Wisconsin Sedation Scale was significantly higher, in the low dose ketamine group compared to the other group. By evaluating different complications, we found that the rate of neurological (20.4 % vs 5%) and physiological (10.2% vs 2%) complications in the control group was significantly higher compared to the group receiving low-dose ketamine (p<0.05).
详细描述
This prospective double-blind clinical trial was conducted in the ED of Isfahan Al-Zahra Hospital, from May 2016 to June 2017. The sedation levels and different outcomes of patients receiving low-dose intravenous ketamine bolus (intervention group) were compared to patients receiving higher doses of intravenous ketamine (control group), for reduction of upper and lower extremity fractures. Inclusion criteria consisted of parents' desire and consent to participate in the study, body mass index (BMI) within the normal range, having age of 6 months to 17 years, requiring a reduction of upper and lower limb fractures, not receiving benzodiazepines and other sedative drugs before intervention.
Exclusion criteria consisted of patients' age <3 months with the body temperature of > 38 ̊C, due to upper respiratory tract infection. Patients having any other complications such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, psychological and neurological were excluded from the study. We also excluded the patients who have withdrawn from the study.
Participants and Intervention The study flowchart is shown in figure 1. Two hundreds ten patients with a diagnosis of upper and lower extremity fractures, diagnosed by Emergency Medicine Specialist, were enrolled based on clinical and para-clinical images and inclusion criteria.
The participants were randomly allocated into two groups, using a block randomization procedure with matching subjects in each block based on sex and age. One hundred ninety eight patients completed the study; including one hundred from the intervention group and 98 from the control group. The study received ethics approval from the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (--------------), and all participants and their parents signed the informed consent form.
After obtaining informed consent, eligible patients were enrolled. All patients were monitored by direct observation and continuous cardiovascular monitoring, in order to check the vital signs and also by pulse Oximeters to examine the blood oxygen saturation level.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Treatment
- 盲法
- Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 6 Months 至 17 Years（Child）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Parents' desire and consent to participate in the study
- •Body mass index (BMI) within the normal range
- •Having age of 6 months to 17 years
- •Requiring a reduction of upper and lower limb fractures.
- •Subjects who did not complete study endpoints, however, were included as part on an intention to treat analysis.
排除标准
- •Age <6 months
- •Body temperature of > 38 ̊C, due to upper respiratory tract infection.
- •Participants having any other complications such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, psychological and neurological .
- •Patients who have withdrawn from the study, or those receiving benzodiazepines and other sedative drugs within 6 hours prior to enrollment.
- •Subjects who refused to give consent or those who were judged by investigator as non eligible were excluded as well.
研究组 & 干预措施
Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/1mL
In the intervention group, "Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/1mL" was administered rapidly at a dose of 0.5 mg / kg (within 5 seconds). Patient assessment was performed before and two minutes after ketamine injection, and then every 5 minutes after the reduction of the fracture, by an anesthetist blind to the type of intervention.
干预措施: Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/1mL Solution for Injection (Drug)
Ketamine Hydrochloride 50Mg/mL
in the control group, ketamine 1.5 mg / kg was slowly injected for 30 to 60 seconds. Patient assessment was performed before and two minutes after ketamine injection, and then every 5 minutes after the reduction of the fracture, by an anesthetist blind to the type of intervention.
干预措施: Ketamine Hcl 50Mg/Ml Inj (Drug)
结局指标
主要结局
Sedation depth
时间窗: 30 minutes
By Ramsey sedation scale. With score 1 for restlessness to score 6 for unresponsiveness.
次要结局
未报告次要终点
研究者
Mehdi Nasr Isfahani
Principal Investigator
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences