The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Spiritual Well-being in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Breast cancer ranks first among the cancers seen in women in the world and in Turkey . Physical and psychological symptoms may occur in breast cancer depending on the disease or the treatment applied. These symptoms cause patients to be perceived as a life-threatening disease and decrease their quality of life. This situation can create a crisis situation by deeply affecting the physical, psychosocial, behavioral and spiritual aspects of patients. In such a case, the patient can start using spiritual coping methods by turning to spirituality while facing a painful illness. Patients diagnosed with breast cancer have difficulty in finding the meaning and purpose of life, question their previous beliefs about life, and their concerns about spirituality, both existential and religious, increase. Spiritual dimensions, which are an important component of the patient's quality of life, are an integral part of patient care. Spirituality is used as a means of coping with cancer by providing inner strength, peace, comfort and integrity and can play an important role in healing and having a good mood . Therefore, raising the spiritual well-being of women with breast cancer may have a positive effect on coping with the symptoms of the disease and treatment, thereby improving the quality of life. Studies have shown that patients with high spiritual well-being have a higher quality of life. In a systematic review, it was found that religion/spirituality is associated with pain and physical symptoms, and spiritual self-evaluation contributes to psychological well-being, regardless of religion. In recent studies with breast cancer patients, it has been determined that mindfulness therapy has a positive effect on the quality of life of patients in addition to spirituality. Mindfulness is a way of directing attention, coming from the eastern tradition of meditation. It can be defined as an individual's focusing his attention on what is happening now in a non-judgmental and accepting way. The concept of mindfulness has been used as a therapy method in Western psychotherapy approaches for almost three decades. The concept of mindfulness basically includes focusing on the moment and accepting emotions without judgment . It allows the person to stay in the moment by focusing their attention. Staying in the moment contributes to the well-being of mood by preventing the mind from focusing on the past or the future and preoccupying the mind with various emotions Kabat-Zinn (2005), one of the practitioners of conscious mindfulness therapy, stated that mindfulness is closely related to the spiritual traditions of Far Eastern countries. Efforts to use Mindful Awareness to improve psychological processes continue. No study has been found in the literature examining the effect of mindfulness therapy on the spiritual well-being of patients with breast cancer. However, there is a need for initiatives to increase spiritual well-being , which is known to have a significant impact on quality of life. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction program applied to patients with breast cancer on spiritual well-being.

METHODS This study is a single center, pretest-posttest with control group controlled trial. Participants will recruite in department of radiation oncology and oncology outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Malatya from October 15, 2021 to May 15, 2022. Permission for the study was obtained from the ethics committee (E-41901325-050.99-14950). Written, fully informed consent will obtain from all participants and all data will guaranteed to be confidential. Participants has the right to withdraw from the study at any time. This study will conduct in accordance with The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 guidelines.

Participants and Sampling We used the G * Power (version 3.1.9.4) test to determine the sample size. In the analysis performed as a priori, we referenced the Park et al. (2020) article. We performed prior analyses based on t-tests (mean values: difference between two independent mean values (two groups)). According to this, we determined that a total of 66 patients, including 33 patients in each of the groups with 0.05 error level, 95% power and 0.90 effect size, should be included. Aynı çalışmada drop out oranı %7.8 bulunmuştur. Given the likelihood of withdrawals, we will assign 35 participants to each group, with a total of 70 participants.

Randomization and blinding The participants will assign randomly to the groups. The simple full randomization method will use for group assignments. To determine the order of application, the names of the study groups (mindfulness program group and control group) will write on a piece of paper 30 times by the researcher, and the groups will select randomly by drawing lots. It will not possible for the researcher collecting data to be blind.

Data collection In data collection, the Socio-demographic Characteristics Form prepared by the researchers in line with the literature to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and the FACIT-SP (Functional Evaluation of the Treatment of Chronic Diseases-Spiritual Well-being) scale will be used to determine the spiritual well-being of the patients.