Messages for Increasing Dairy Consumption

Not Applicable

Completed

Interventions: Behavioral: Gain-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy
Behavioral: Gain-Framed
Behavioral: Loss-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy
Behavioral: Loss-Framed
Behavioral: Self-Regulatory Efficacy

Brief Summary: Over 35,000 Canadians, 65% of men and 72% of women aged 31-50 years fail to consume the recommended number of milk and milk product servings (≤2 servings per day). Given the wide range of health benefits associated with increased dietary intake of milk and milk products the objectives of this study were to conduct a prospective, 5-arm randomised controlled trial in order to test the effectiveness of a variety of messages for increasing milk and milk product consumption in men and women aged 30-50 years old. The five arms consisted of 4 messages that contained slightly different content specifically: 1) gain-framed message condition, 2) loss-framed message condition, 3) self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing message condition, 4) gain-framed and self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing message condition and 5) loss-framed plus self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing message condition. It was hypothesised that those who receive self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing information would consume more dairy than those who received messages without such information. Second, those who received gain-framed messages would consume more dairy as compared to those who received loss-framed messages. Third, those who received gain-framed messages that include self-regulatory efficacy-enhancing information would consume the most dairy in comparison to the other four conditions.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Dietary restrictions, allergies, or medical reasons for limiting dairy intake will be excluded

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Gain-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy	Gain-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy	Participants receive messages that highlight the potential benefits of engaging in a specific behaviour (i.e., what positive outcomes they could experience from consuming milk and milk products) and these messages also provide tips and strategies on how to engage in the consumption of milk and milk products (i.e., recipes, meal planning etc.).
Gain-Framed	Gain-Framed	Participants receive messages that highlight the potential benefits of engaging in a specific behaviour (i.e., what positive outcomes they could experience from consuming milk and milk products).
Loss-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy	Loss-Framed + Self-Regulatory Efficacy	Participants receive messages that highlight the potentially loses of not engaging in a specific behaviour (i.e., what they could lose from not consuming milk and milk products) and these messages also provide tips and strategies on how to engage in the consumption of milk and milk products (i.e., recipes, meal planning etc.).
Loss-Framed	Loss-Framed	Participants receive messages that highlight the potentially loses of not engaging in a specific behaviour (i.e., what they could lose from not consuming milk and milk products).
Self-Regulatory Efficacy	Self-Regulatory Efficacy	Participants receive messages that provide them with tips and strategies on how to engage in the consumption of milk and milk products (i.e., recipes, meal planning etc.)

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Changes from baseline in calcium from dairy at 1 and 4-week follow up	Baseline, 1-week follow-up, 4-week follow-up	Calcium consumed from dairy was assessed using a modified version of the "Calcium Calculator™" developed by the British Columbia Dairy Foundation. The original tool assesses consumption of calcium from a comprehensive list of 30 commonly consumed calcium containing products. For this study individuals were asked to indicate the portions they ate of 10 dairy products included in the list. An explanation of a portion was provided for each item. Milligrams of calcium consumed by participants on the previous day was determined for baseline, week 1 and week 4 follow-up.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Self-Regulatory Efficacy	Baseline, Immedately after the Intervention (1-day), 4-Week Follow-Up	Changes in participants self-regulatory efficacy beliefs was assessed using an 18-item measure at baseline, 1-day after completion of the intervention and at 4-week follow-up. Self-regulatory efficacy beliefs items were context specific. Responses were scored on a scale of 0% (not at all) to 100% (extremely confident) with response options in 10% increments.
Outcome Expectations	Baseline, Immedately after the Intervention (1-day), 4-Week Follow-Up	Changes in participants outcome expectations was assessed at baseline, 1-day after completion of the intervention and at 4-week follow-up. The perceived likelihood of positive (16 items) and negative (5 items) outcomes occurring as a result of consuming milk and milk products was assessed using a 21-item measure. Responses were scored on a 9-point scale from 1 (very unlikely) to 9 (very likely).
Outcome Values	Baseline, Immedately after the Intervention (1-day), 4-Week Follow-Up	Changes in participants outcome values was assessed at baseline, 1-day after completion of the intervention and at 4-week follow-up. The perceived value of positive (16 items) and negative (5 items) outcomes occurring as a result of consuming milk and milk products was assessed using a 21-item measure. Responses were scored on a 9-point scale with a range of 1 (little value to me) to 9 (high value to me).

Locations (1): Health and Exercise Psychology Laboratory
🇨🇦
Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada