Evaluation of Periodontal Status in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinical, Microbiological, and Biochemical Study

This group consists of patients diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) based on clinical, biochemical, and radiological features according to the 2017 McDonald Criteria. The cohort includes various clinical types: Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS), Secondary Progressive (SPMS), Primary Progressive (PPMS), and Progressive-Relapsing (PRMS). The participants in this group must have a clinically healthy periodontium. The term clinically healthy should be adopted to cover the absence of (or very significant reduction in) clinical periodontal inflammation on either an anatomically intact periodontium or a reduced periodontium. Participants will undergo clinical periodontal examinations and provide saliva samples for microbiological and biochemical analysis

This group consists of patients diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) based on clinical, biochemical, and radiological features according to the 2017 McDonald Criteria. The cohort includes various clinical types: Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS), Secondary Progressive (SPMS), Primary Progressive (PPMS), and Progressive-Relapsing (PRMS). Periodontal disease comprises a spectrum of pathological conditions involving the tooth-supporting tissues, namely the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The disease often initially manifests as gingivitis, a plaque-induced and reversible inflammatory condition affecting a large proportion of the population. In the absence of appropriate management, gingivitis may advance to periodontitis, a chronic and destructive disorder marked by irreversible attachment loss, progressive alveolar bone resorption, and potential tooth loss.

This group consists of systemically healthy volunteers who do not have any systemic diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis. The participants in this group must have a clinically healthy periodontium. The term clinically healthy should be adopted to cover the absence of (or very significant reduction in) clinical periodontal inflammation on either an anatomically intact periodontium or a reduced periodontium. Participants will undergo clinical periodontal examinations and provide saliva samples for microbiological and biochemical analysis

This group consists of systemically healthy volunteers without any systemic diseases. However, these participants are diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis). Periodontal disease comprises a spectrum of pathological conditions involving the tooth-supporting tissues, namely the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The disease often initially manifests as gingivitis, a plaque-induced and reversible inflammatory condition affecting a large proportion of the population. In the absence of appropriate management, gingivitis may advance to periodontitis, a chronic and destructive disorder marked by irreversible attachment loss, progressive alveolar bone resorption, and potential tooth loss.