Effect of Intravenous Ibuprofen on Inflammatory Responses in Patients Undergoing Surgery With General Anesthesia.

Phase 4

Terminated

Brief Summary: The administration of anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen before and after surgery has not been studied extensively. Subjects are being asked to participate in this study because they are scheduled for surgery and because the investigators want to study ways to improve recovery from surgery. Ibuprofen will be given several times before and after surgery. The investigators will ask questions to determine recovery and the investigators will draw blood to determine inflammatory response.

Detailed Description: Human and animal studies suggest cyclooxygenase-inhibitors (COX-inhibitors) decrease the production of inflammatory mediators. Studies also suggest that COX inhibitors attenuate increases in corticosterone and eicosanoid levels after endotoxin injection. COX inhibitors also appear to have anticancer effects, inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastatic burden. These results suggest a role for IV ibuprofen in preventing untoward inflammatory responses, shortening post-surgical convalescence, improving patient satisfaction, and reducing the rate of complications occurring during the recovery from surgery. However, there are no studies that have evaluated the relationship between administration of IV ibuprofen, ensuing immunomodulation, and long-term outcomes.

Study Objective. The aim of the proposed study is to examine the effect of intravenous(IV) ibuprofen on the inflammatory response in major surgery. More importantly, the investigators will correlate changes in the concentration of inflammatory mediators with meaningful clinical outcomes.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Adults, 18 and over, who will undergo surgery lasting longer than one hour with general anesthesia
Subject is non-lactating and is either:
- Not of childbearing potential
- Of childbearing potential but is not pregnant at time of baseline as determined by pre-surgical pregnancy testing.
Subject is ASA physical status 1, 2, or 3

Exclusion Criteria

Cognitively impaired (by history)
Subject requires chronic antipsychotic history
Subject is anticipated to require an additional surgery within 90 days after the intended surgery
Chronic use of steroids or opioids
Subject has received treatment with COX inhibitors within 3 days of study entry
Subject for whom opiates, benzodiazepines, and COX inhibitors are contraindicated

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Placebo/Saline solution	Placebo/Saline solution	Eligible subjects will be randomized to one of the two treatment group in a 1:1 ratio to receive either IV ibuprofen or matching placebo
Ibuprofen	Ibuprofen	Eligible subjects will be randomized to one of the two treatment group in a 1:1 ratio to receive either IV ibuprofen or matching placebo.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Concentrations of the Cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin IL-1Beta (IL-1Beta), IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) as Well as Prostaglandin E2 at Different Time Points.	48h	Concentration of the cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1Beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma as well as prostaglandin E2 at different time points will be our primary outcome. Changes in mediator levels in the IV ibuprofen versus placebo groups will be compared. Plasma samples will be collected before administration of any drug (after placement of IV lines), at the end of the surgery, and on the first postoperative day.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Quality of Recovery Score (QoR-40).	48h	The secondary outcome parameters will be the quality of recovery score (QoR-40) to measure quality of recovery from surgery, a simple fatigue scale, digits forward and backward, and the global depression schedule. Forty questions in five dimensions will be scored by patients on a five-point Likert scale. Seven point fatigue scales (in- and out-patient) is often used to assess progress of recovery in head trauma patients. Metrics will be administered on at the baseline visit and or on the day of surgery and on postoperative days 1, 2, 4 and 6.