The Estrogen Impact on Overactive Bladder Syndrome: Female Pelvic Floor Microbiomes and Antimicrobial Peptides

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Overactive Bladder

Interventions: Drug: conjugated estrogen

Registration Number: NCT02524769

Lead Sponsor: Loyola University

Brief Summary: The medical field is beginning to adopt treatments that alter an individual's microbiome to improve patient health; however, this approach has not been adopted for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Here, the investigators propose the first step in development of such a therapy. If the investigators hypothesis is correct, the investigators could change the first line of treatment for hypoestrogenic women and develop future therapies that modulate bacteria in the bladder to improve not only LUTS but also treatment response. This could lead to the first treatment for lower urinary disorders that incorporates a person's individual microbiome.

Detailed Description: Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is characterized by the symptom complex of urinary urgency, usually with associated frequency and nocturia, with or without urgency urinary incontinence in the absence of infection or other pathology. Vaginal estrogen, a well-documented treatment for OAB in hypoestrogenic women, has been shown to improve symptoms of frequency, urgency and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying estrogen's effect on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Investigators propose that estrogen treatment influences bacterial communities (microbiomes) in the vagina and bladder and alters urothelial and vaginal (AMPs); thereby improving OAB symptoms in hypoestrogenic women.

Long-standing medical dogma has been replaced by clear evidence that a female urinary microbiome (FUM) exists.This suggests that the FUM is a factor in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and that FUM diversity contributes to LUTS and treatment response, like the vaginal microbiome and its contribution to vaginal symptoms.

In hypoestrogenic women, the vaginal microbiome shifts from low diversity communities, commonly dominated by Lactobacillus, to more diverse communities dominated by anaerobes; this change can be reversed with estrogen treatment. Since the FUM of women with OAB includes bacteria similar to those of the vaginal microbiome (e.g. Lactobacillus, Gardnerella, and diverse anaerobes), investigators reason the FUM would respond similarly to estrogen and become less diverse. While almost nothing is known about urinary/vaginal microbiome interplay, even less is known about immune response modulation in the bladder and vagina. However, estrogen reduces the subsequent urinary tract infection (UTI) rate in hypoestrogenic women affected by recurrent UTI, and estrogen induces urothelial antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression. Since AMPs exhibit microbicidal activity, stimulate inflammation, and facilitate epithelial barrier homeostasis, estrogen may work through AMPs as mediators to optimize microbial equilibrium.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: Female

Target Recruitment: 27

Inclusion Criteria

Clinical diagnosis of Overactive bladder
Clinical diagnosis of Postmenopausal:
English language skills sufficient to complete questionnaires
Clinical indication for vaginal estrogen use
Not currently receiving vaginal estrogen therapy

Exclusion Criteria

Currently on systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Have been on HRT within the past three months
Clinical diagnosis of estrogen dependent malignancies
Allergy to local estrogen therapy
Insufficient language skills to complete study questionnaires
Women with active, urinary tract infection
Received antibiotics within the past two weeks
Clinical diagnosis of stage 3 or 4 pelvic organ prolapse
Patient unwilling to use vaginal estrogen preparation
Currently on anticholinergic medication Have received anticholinergic medication within the past three months
Previously failed two medications for treatment of OAB Previously received intra-vesicle botulinum toxin injections Previously had posterior tibial nerve stimulation Previously had implantation of sacral neuromodulator
Patients wishing to start anticholinergic medication at the initial encounter
Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding
Clinical diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE)
Clinical diagnosis of arterial thromboembolic disease
Clinical diagnosis of liver dysfunction or disease
Clinical diagnosis of protein C, protein S or antithrombin or deficiency other known thrombophilic disorders

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: SINGLE_GROUP

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
conjugated estrogen	conjugated estrogen	All patients in the study will receive 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen/gram to use 0.5 grams twice weekly with the applicator for 12 weeks.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in the Relative Abundance of Lactobacillus	0, 12 weeks	The relative abundance of Lactobacillus to total microbes per sample was measured before and after treatment. The within-participant change in relative abundance of Lactobacillus was calculated subtracting pre-treatment from post-treatment.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in OAB Symptoms	0, 12 weeks	OAB symptoms are measured using the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q). The OAB-q symptom score ranges from 0-100 with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity. A change score is calculated as the post-treatment score minus the pre-treatment score.
OAB Symptoms Associated With Relative Abundance of Lactobacillus	0, 12 weeks	The investigators will determine whether change in OAB symptoms using the OAB-q before and after treatment is associated with the change in participants' relative abundance of Lactobacillus before and after treatment. The OAB-q symptom score ranges from 0-100 with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Change in Urothelial Antimicrobial Peptide (AMP) Levels	0, 12 weeks	The investigators will compare participants' AMP levels before and after treatment. AMP activity level is measured as bacterial growth inhibition in square millimeters normalized to the total peptide bond concentration. Change is calculated as the post-treatment AMP level minus the pre-treatment AMP level.
Change in OAB Symptoms Associated With Change in AMP Levels	0, 12 weeks	The investigators will determine whether any change in OAB symptoms using the OAB-q before and after treatment is associated with the change in participants' AMP levels before and after treatment. AMP activity level is measured as bacterial growth inhibition in square millimeters normalized to the total peptide bond concentration. The OAB-q symptom score ranges from 0-100 with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.