Pictorial Warning Labels and Memory for Cigarette Health-risk Information Over Time
- Conditions
- Smoking CessationSmoking, Cigarette
- Interventions
- Behavioral: Text-only PWLBehavioral: Low-emot PWLBehavioral: High-emot PWLBehavioral: Immediate posttestBehavioral: delay posttest
- Registration Number
- NCT03375840
- Lead Sponsor
- Ohio State University
- Brief Summary
Pictorial cigarette warning labels (PWLs) are thought to increase risk knowledge, but experimental research has not examined PWLs' longer term effects on memory for health risks. This trial tests memory for health risks immediately or after a six-week delay for US-representative adult smokers, US-representative teen smokers/vulnerable smokers, and Appalachian-representative adult smokers. In addition, the trial tests the effects of different warning label components and the consequences of memory for labels on risk perceptions and quit intentions.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 4424
- 19-65 years old (adult samples)
- have smoked 100+ lifetime cigarettes (adult samples)
- currently smoke "every day" or "some days." (adult samples)
- 14-18 years old (teen sample)
- have ever smoked a cigarette (teen sample)
• have not ever smoked a cigarette (all samples)
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- FACTORIAL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Text-only PWL, immediate post Text-only PWL Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels Low-emot PWL, immediate posttest Immediate posttest Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels Low-emot PWL, delay posttest delay posttest Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels High-emot PWL, immediate posttest Immediate posttest Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels Text-only PWL, delay posttest delay posttest Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels Text-only PWL, delay posttest Text-only PWL Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels Low-emot PWL, immediate posttest Low-emot PWL Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels Low-emot PWL, delay posttest Low-emot PWL Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels High-emot PWL, delay posttest High-emot PWL Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels Text-only PWL, immediate post Immediate posttest Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels High-emot PWL, immediate posttest High-emot PWL Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels High-emot PWL, delay posttest delay posttest Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method graphic warning label recall immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay free recall for risk information presented in labels (9 text boxes, 1 for each label; coded for exact or equivalent words)
smoking risk recognition immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay Participants were subsequently shown twenty-six negative health effects and asked "Which of the following health effects were mentioned in the warnings we showed you?" and responded "Yes, I saw this health effect" or "No, I did not see this health effect." Fourteen risks were mentioned in the warnings (e.g., cancer, harms children, emphysema); six were risks of smoking not presented in the warnings (e.g., wrinkles, diabetes), and six were not risks of smoking (e.g., acne, thyroid problems).
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method smoking risk perceptions immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay participants completed several scale items about how much risk they perceived smoking posed to them (e.g., "Compared to the average nonsmoker your age, gender, and race, how would you rate your chances of": 1) "getting a life threatening illness because of smoking," 2) "getting lung cancer," and 3) "dying at a younger age than average" (-3 = Much lower, +3 = Much higher))
quit intentions immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay participants' intentions to quit smoking