Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Reduces Perceived Exertion and Mental Fatigue, and Improves Technical Actions During Small-Sided Soccer Games
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 16
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Psychophysiological Responses-Heart Rate
研究概览
简要总结
The present study evaluated the influence of carbohydrate mouth-rinsing (CHO- MR) and placebo (PLA) conditions on the psychophysiological responses, kinematic profiles, and technical performance of young male soccer players in 4-Small sided games (SSGs). The study participants were involved in a randomized, double-blind, repeated-measures design that employed 3 sessions (familiarization, CHOMR and PLA) over fifteen days at a testing facility. Participants took part in two test sessions one week apart. CHO solution was a maltodextrin-based mixture containing 6.4% maltodextrin (Protein Ocean, Türkiye). The PLA solution consisted of pure water. Both solutions were made indistinguishable by incorporating 50 mg of a non-calorific artificial sweetener and 50 mg og sucralose (Fibrelle, Türkiye). A 25-ml bolus of 6.4% maltodextrin solution was utilized in a pre-weighed plastic cup, with sucralose water tested as PLA for each rinse solution.
详细描述
The current study used a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced crossover design to compare the effects of CHOMR or PLA on psychophysiological, kinematic responses and technical actions during 4-a-side SSGs. The study intervention programs lasted the same time of the day during separate training sessions in the in-season to avoid various chronobiological factors. The average temperature was 30 °C, with a relative humidity of 35% of the baseline assessments. Second assessments were recorded that the average temperature was 31 °C with a 35% relative humidity. Before the SSGs sessions, anthropometric characteristics were assessed. Players also completed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRTL-1) to balance the groups and equally distribute players among SSGs teams based on maximal oxygen uptake ( 2max). The order of different SSGs (CHOMR or PLA) and solutions (MR or PLA) was determined by randomization (www.randomization.com). Each SSGs was separated at least one week apart to minimize the potential negative impact of physical and psychological fatigue on game performance. Continuous monitoring and recording of the heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment and mental fatigue (MF), kinematic responses, and technical actions were conducted during all SSGs. Mood responses were assessed before and after each SSGs. UEFA A licenced strength and conditioning coaches consistently implemented all SSGs sessions on an artificial soccer pitch with verbal coach encouragement.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Crossover
- 主要目的
- Treatment
- 盲法
- Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor)
盲法说明
Participants were strictly separated and think their intervention is the main intervention. The same was true for care providers. Outcome assessors were unaware of participant group status and were not allowed to ask correspondingly.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 14 Years 至 16 Years（Child）
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Being healthy
- •Male soccer players
- •Willing to maintain the intervention for all sessions
排除标准
- •Being under 14 years old
- •Having a chronic disease
- •Contraindication for carbohydrate mouth-rinsing (CHO-MR)
研究组 & 干预措施
CHO Mouth Rinse Protocol (CHO-MR)
CHO solution was a maltodextrin-based mixture containing 6.4% maltodextrin (Protein Ocean, Türkiye). An CHOMR was performed prior to SSGs.
干预措施: Carbohydrate (Other)
Placebo Protocol
The PLA solution consisted of pure water. A mouth rinse was performed before the SSGs.
干预措施: Placebo (Other)
结局指标
主要结局
Psychophysiological Responses-Heart Rate
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Participants used a Polar H10 heart rate (HR) transmitter synchronized with a Polar V800 watch to track the HR throughout the session. Participants' heart rate mean, heart rate peak and heart rate percentage were recorded.
Psychophysiological Responses-Rating of Perceived Exertion
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Exercise intensity in all test sessions was quantified using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), which employs a category ratio scale ranging from 6 to 20. This scale has recently been applied in sports psychology to assess effort related to emotions and performance during competitive events.
Psychophysiological Responses-Enjoyment-Brunel mood of states
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
All participants completed the Exercise Enjoyment Scale (EES), which consists of eight items rated on a 1-7 Likert scale. This scale has been validated to measure the enjoyment of exercise in Turkish adolescents and adults. 1 indicates no enjoyment and 7 indicates enjoyment.
Psychophysiological Reactions-Mood Rating
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
A scale consisting of 24 items and six (6) subscales (anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension and vitality) was used in all testing sessions. The depression subscale of the scale is an indicator of depressed mood rather than clinical depression. C in all test sessions. The depression subscale of the scale is an indicator of depressed mood rather than clinical depression Participants were asked the question 'How are you feeling right now?' before and after the games and were asked to tick a number between 0 and 4 (0 = not at all, 1 = a little, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit, 4 = extremely).
Psychophysiological Responses-Mental Fatigue Assessment
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
All test sessions were assessed using the MF visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS is a subjective rating scale that assesses an individual's perception or experience of a particular construct, such as fatigue. To measure MF using the VAS, individuals are typically presented with a horizontal line or scale with one end zero (0) meaning "no fatigue" or "not tired at all" and the other end one hundred (100) meaning "extremely tired" or "very tired". Participants are then asked to place a mark on the line indicating their perceived level of MF.
Evaluating the total distance (TD)
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
During the SSG sessions, total distance (TD)data were recorded using a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with a frequency of 10 Hertz and a triaxial accelerometer (STATSports, Apex, Northern Ireland) with a frequency of 100 Hertz. All data recorded by the GNSS units were downloaded and processed using STAT Sports Software (Apex version 3.0.02011).
Assessment of high intensity running distance (HIMD)
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
During the SSG sessions, high-intensity running distance (HIMD) data were recorded using a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with a frequency of 10 Hertz and a triaxial accelerometer (STATSports, Apex, Northern Ireland) with a frequency of 100 Hertz. All data recorded by the GNSS units were downloaded and processed using STAT Sports Software (Apex version 3.0.02011).
Evaluation of sprint (SD)
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
During the SSG sessions, sprint (SD) data were recorded using a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with a frequency of 10 Hertz and a triaxial accelerometer (STATSports, Apex, Northern Ireland) with a frequency of 100 Hertz. All data recorded by the GNSS units were downloaded and processed using STAT Sport Software (Apex version 3.0.02011).
Evaluating acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DCC)
时间窗: From baseline to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
During the SSG sessions, acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DCC) data were recorded using a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with a frequency of 10 Hertz and a triaxial accelerometer (STATSports, Apex, Northern Ireland) with a frequency of 100 Hertz. All data recorded by the GNSS units were downloaded and processed using STAT Sport Software (Apex version 3.0.02011).
次要结局
- Anthropometric Measurements 1(Baseline)
- Anthropometric Measurements 2(Baseline)
- Anthropometric Measurements 3(Baseline)
研究者
Ersan Arslan
Prof. Dr.
Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University