The Effect Of Core Stabilization Exercises In Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Sit and reach test change

时间窗: Change from baseline Sıt and reach test at 4 weeks

It was used for flexibility assessment. The patients will be asked to sit on the stretcher, with their legs extended and without shoes, and lean the soles of their feet on the front table. Then, the patient is asked to lie forward on the stretcher as much as possible, without flexing his knees, from his torso (waist and hip), and the extreme point where his fingers reach is cm. The best result will be recorded by measuring in terms of and repeating this test 3 times.

Body front flexibility assessment change

时间窗: Change from baseline Body front flexibility assessment at 4 weeks

In this test, the person stands on a 15 cm high block and leans forward without bending the knees and tries to touch the fingertip. The test evaluates the flexibility of the lumbar region, hamstring muscles and M. gastrocnemius. The distance between the fingertip and the wooden block surface is measured with a tape measure, and the values that pass the block surface are recorded in cm as positive, and the values below the block surface as negative.

Demographic information form change

时间窗: At baseline

The patient's age, height, weight and disease history are questioned.

The visual analogue scale(VAS) change

时间窗: Change from baseline the visual analogue scale at 4 weeks

was described in a psychology journal in 1921. It is a visual scale, not a verbal one. This 11-point scale (from 0 to 10) has different names, but the verbal rating scale (VAS) is most often used. The VAS scoring has a 10 cm long straight line on which the patient can mark the degree of discomfort. For example, when measuring pain, you might have "no pain" on the left end of the line and "worst pain imaginable" on the right, or the like. The result can be read in millimeters (0 - 100 mm), or whole and half a centimeter (0 - 10 cm).

Corbin posture analyses change

时间窗: Change from baseline Corbin posture analyses at 4 weeks

Posture analyses will be performed to determine the changes in the posture of the individuals included in the study. These changes will be scored using the form prepared by Corbin et al. that includes lateral and posterior observations. This form is based on detecting postural disorders by observation made from the two planes mentioned and scoring them according to their severity. The scores will be added last and the postural status will be classified according to the total score. Postural anomalies were scored (0: none, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe). Postural scores obtained by looking from the lateral and posterior aspects are summed (0-2: excellent, 3-4: very good, 5-7: good, 8-11: moderate, 12≥ bad).

Timed start and go test change

时间窗: Change from baseline Timed start and go test at 4 weeks

The patients will be asked to start from a sitting position in a chair, get up with the given command, walk the predetermined distance of 3 meters as fast as they can, and return to their places. The time from the time they get up from the chair and sit down again will be recorded with the stopwatch. The measurements will be repeated 3 times and the average will be recorded in seconds.

Kuala scale change

时间窗: Change from baseline kuala scale at 4 weeks

Kuala et al. He developed it in 1993 to assess subjective symptoms and functional limitations in PFPS. The score consists of 13 questions. These questions address activity-related pain when climbing stairs, squatting, running, jumping, performing weight-bearing activities, and sitting for long periods of time with the knee flexed. He also questions symptoms such as limping, swelling, patella subluxation, quadriceps muscle atrophy, lack of flexion, and flexion pain. The total score ranges from 0 to 100. A higher score indicates fewer complaints.

Y balance test change

时间窗: Change from baseline Y balance test at 4 weeks

The Y Balance test (YBT) is the most common dynamic balance assessment used in clinical practice and research to evaluate dynamic balance in 3 directions of reach YBT measures dynamic balance during single leg stance and requires strength, proprioception, and flexibility. YBT is a contralateral leg reaching system in one-leg stance anterior (ANT), posterolateral (PL), and posteromedial (PM) directions. A composite score is then calculated by summing the distance reached in 3 directions of reach (ANT, PL, and PM) relative to leg length. It has been reported that YBT predicts injury based on overall access performance (different threshold points depending on the sample) and asymmetry between the limbs (anterior access difference greater than 4 cm). In a study, YBT revealed inter-interpretive test-retest reliability and minimal measurement error.

Muscle strength change

时间窗: Change from baseline Muscle strength at 4 weeks

Manual muscle testing does not consistently detect muscle strength deficiencies or clearly demonstrate the impact of such deficiencies on the knee. For this reason, functional performance testing may be preferred. Functional performance tests are a test for the knee and the entire lower extremity. 'Loudon et al.' He evaluated five different functional performance tests (anteromedial lunge, step-down, single-leg press, bilateral squat, balance reaching) in individuals with patellofemoral pain. All five of these tests revealed high reliability and correlated with changes in pain scales. Among these tests as muscle strength assessment in cases; anteromedial lunge, step down (step), balance reaching test will be used. If the patient cannot stabilize the pelvis by standing (on one leg) for 1 minute on the affected leg (the other side pelvis falls), it was decided to perform it on our patients, based on the study, which is said to be a sign of weakness of the hip muscles.

Q angle measurement change

时间窗: Change from baseline Q angle measurement at 4 weeks

It will be measured with a goniometer in the supine position, with the hip and knee extended. Between the line drawn from the spina iliaca anterior superior (SiAS) to the middle of the patella and the line drawn from the middle of the patella between the tuberositas tibia, this lateral angle will be measured 3 times and recorded. The average of the measurements will be recorded.

Mcgill stabilization tests change

时间窗: Change from baseline Mcgill stabilization tests at 4 weeks

Endurance tests known as McGill protocol; It was originally developed to evaluate core stabilization in patients with low back pain. This protocol consists of different endurance tests: lateral endurance, trunk flexor endurance, and trunk extensor endurance. In these tests, the time in seconds that the isometric posture is maintained is measured and recorded.

Normal joint movement change

时间窗: Change from baseline Normal joint movement at 4 weeks

Measurement will be made with G-Pro, an Android application. The G-Pro app is a highly accurate reliable tool for measuring knee flexion angle. Its results were found to be more significant and more accurate than the results of conventional instruments . It is preferred because it is easy to apply and has high reliability.

Foot Posture index or (FPI) change

时间窗: Change from baseline Foot posture index at 4 weeks

A six-item assessment scale (Foot Posture index or FPI) was developed in response to the need for a fast, easy and reliable method to measure foot position. The FPI consists of observing the bottom of the hind and forefoot of an individual standing in a relaxed position. The hindfoot is assessed by palpation of the talus head, observing the curves above and below the lateral malleoli, and inversion/eversion of the calcaneus. The forefoot consists of assessing the extent of abduction/adduction of the forefoot in the hindfoot, while checking the swelling in the talo-navicular joint area and the alignment of the medial longitudinal arch.

Assessment of hamstring muscle flexibility change

时间窗: Change from baseline Assessment of hamstring muscle flexibility at 4 weeks

In the supine position, the hip and knee are fixed in 90 degree flexion. The pivot point of the goniometer is placed on the lateral condyle of the femur. The knee angle will be measured by extending the patient's knee with the fixed arm parallel to the lateral midline of the femur and the mobile arm following the fibula. By subtracting the angular value found from 90 degrees, the shortness value will be obtained.

Single leg jump test change

时间窗: Change from baseline Single leg jump test at 4 weeks

The patients begin the test in a position with their hands on their waists on one leg. Patients are asked to jump as far as possible in a parallel plane and land with the same leg. In the tape measure fixed to the ground, the distance between the patient's jump and the starting point is recorded in cm.