Influence of Biomechanical Factors on Plantar Heel Pain: A Comprehensive Analysis for an effective Management

This cross-sectional study evaluates the biomechanical factors influencing plantar heel pain. After obtaining informed consent, participants undergo a detailed assessment, including foot posture analysis using the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) and range of motion (ROM) measurements for ankle dorsiflexion and first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint mobility using a goniometer. BMI is calculated based on height and weight. Muscle strength is assessed through manual muscle testing of the ankle dorsiflexors, plantarflexors, evertors, and invertors, while gastrocnemius tightness is evaluated using the weight-bearing lunge test with an inclinometer. Foot alignment is analyzed through FPI-6, which examines talar head palpation, malleolar curvature, calcaneal position, medial longitudinal arch height, and forefoot alignment. Pain intensity is measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and functional impairment is assessed with the Foot Function Index (FFI), a 23-item questionnaire covering pain, disability, and activity limitations. Exclusion criteria include individuals with a history of ankle or foot fractures, prior foot surgery or trauma, ligament injuries, or vascular conditions. Patients with systemic diseases affecting the feet, such as autoimmune disease or rheumatoid arthritis, are also excluded to ensure a homogenous study population.