Mindful Action for Pain

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Chronic Pain

Interventions: Behavioral: Mindful Action for Pain
Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain

Registration Number: NCT03800654

Lead Sponsor: VA Office of Research and Development

Brief Summary: An emerging scientific model that has been applied to chronic pain is the psychological flexibility (PF) model. PF refers to the ability to behave consistently with one's values even in the face of unwanted thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations such as pain. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is the best known treatment derived from the PF model and is as effective as the gold standard Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), but falls short on achieving meaningful changes in functional improvement. Although ACT was designed to impact PF, methods from different treatment approaches are also consistent with the model. An experiential strategy that holds promise for enhancing PF is formal mindfulness meditation, a practice used to train non-judgmental awareness and attention to present-moment experiences, which has never been tested within the PF model. There is compelling theoretical and empirical rationale that the mechanisms underlying formal mindfulness meditation will bolster PF processes and thereby can be applied to facilitate functional improvement. To test this, the principal investigator, has developed a novel 8-week group-based intervention, Mindful Action for Pain (MAP), which integrates formal mindfulness meditation with experiential methods from different evidence-based treatment approaches in accordance with the PF model. MAP is designed such that daily mindfulness meditation practice is used to develop the capacity to more completely utilize strategies to address the key psychosocial barriers (e.g., pain catastrophizing) to optimal functioning.

This career development award (CDA-2) project consists of two phases. Phase 1 (years 1 - 2) consists of using qualitative and quantitative methods to iteratively develop and refine MAP over the course of 4 MAP cycles (n = 20). Phase 2 (years 3 - 5) consists of a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) (n = 86) of MAP vs. cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for chronic pain (CBT-CP) in order to establish feasibility of a future large-scale trial and estimate the preliminary impact of MAP. Functional improvement will be measured by reductions in pain interference (primary clinical outcome). Further, meditation adherence will be assessed to explore dose-response relationships with functional improvement, and objective measures of physical activity (actigraphy) will be captured to explore the psychophysical impact of MAP.

Detailed Description: Chronic pain, defined as persistent or episodic pain that does not resolve with treatment, affects up to 50% of Veterans, costs the nation between $560 and $635 billion dollars annually, and is associated with high rates of disability and low quality of life. According to the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the goal of pain treatment is to improve physical and psychosocial functioning, emphasizing non-pharmacological approaches, such as psychosocial interventions, to target psychosocial factors that maintain disability. Unfortunately, the gold standard psychosocial intervention for chronic pain, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), does not reliably produce meaningful increases in function.

An emerging scientific model that has been applied to chronic pain is the psychological flexibility (PF) model. PF refers to the ability to behave consistently with one's values even in the face of unwanted thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations such as pain. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is the best known treatment derived from the PF model and is as effective as the gold standard CBT, but still falls short on achieving meaningful changes in functional improvement. Although ACT was designed to impact PF, methods from different treatment approaches are also consistent with the model. An experiential strategy that holds promise for enhancing PF is formal mindfulness meditation, a practice used to train non-judgmental awareness and attention to present-moment experiences, which has never been tested within the PF model. There is compelling theoretical and empirical rationale that the mechanisms underlying formal mindfulness meditation will bolster PF processes and thereby can be applied to facilitate functional improvement. To test this, the principal investigator, has developed a novel 8-week group-based intervention, Mindful Action for Pain (MAP), which integrates formal mindfulness meditation with experiential methods from different evidence-based treatment approaches in accordance with the PF model. MAP is designed such that daily mindfulness meditation practice is used to develop the capacity to more completely utilize strategies to address the key psychosocial barriers (e.g., pain catastrophizing) to optimal functioning.

This CDA-2 project consists of two phases. Phase 1 (years 1 - 2) consists of using qualitative and quantitative methods to iteratively develop and refine MAP over the course of 4 MAP cycles (n = 20). Phase 2 (years 3 - 5) consists of a pilot RCT (n = 86) of MAP vs. CBT for chronic pain (CBT-CP) in order to establish feasibility of a future large-scale trial and estimate the preliminary impact of MAP. Functional improvement will be measured by reductions in pain interference (primary clinical outcome). Further, meditation adherence will be assessed to explore dose-response relationships with functional improvement, and objective measures of physical activity (actigraphy) will be captured to explore the psychophysical impact of MAP.

Aim 1: Fully develop MAP in a population of Veterans with chronic pain (Phase 1).

Aim 2: Evaluate the feasibility of a future randomized efficacy trial of MAP vs. CBT-CP (Phase 2).

Hypothesis 1: MAP and CBT-CP will be feasible to deliver, as evidenced by attainment of recruitment goals, retention rates \> 80%, and high credibility and expectancy ratings.

Aim 3: Estimate the preliminary impact of MAP and CBT-CP to determine if a future efficacy trial is warranted.

Examine changes in pain interference (a proxy for functional improvement and one of the most commonly measured outcomes in psychosocial intervention trials of chronic pain), pain acceptance, trait mindfulness, and pain catastrophizing, as well as patient satisfaction ratings, as indicators that MAP may be worthy of investigation in a future large-scale trial.

Exploratory Aim 1: Explore the relationship between meditation adherence and treatment outcomes.

There is growing evidence for a dose-response relationship between meditation practice and positive outcomes. Therefore, strategies to increase meditation adherence will be optimized (Phase 1) and the relationship between adherence as measured via daily diaries and outcomes will be assessed (Phase 2).

Exploratory Aim 2: Explore objective measures of physical activity at baseline and post-intervention as a potential future index of functional outcomes.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 126

Inclusion Criteria

Veteran
Diagnosis of a chronic, non-terminal pain condition
Pain most days (> 3 days/week) for at least 6 months
Average pain severity and interference with enjoyment of life and/or general activity rated > 4/10 over the past week

Exclusion Criteria

Serious or unstable medical or psychiatric illness
- (e.g., unmanaged psychosis, manic episode, or substance abuse within the past year) or psychosocial instability
- (e.g., homelessness) that could compromise study participation
Active suicidal ideation or history of suicide attempt within past 3 years
Current participation in group psychotherapy for pain or any type of individual psychotherapy
Changes to professionally delivered pain or mood treatments
- (e.g., no discontinuation of a treatment; no increasing the dose of medication) one month preceding the baseline assessment.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Mindful Action for Pain (MAP) Development	Mindful Action for Pain	In the first arm, MAP will be fully developed.
MAP vs. CBT-CP	Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain	In the second arm, MAP will be compared to CBT-CP to establish feasibility of a larger, future trial.
MAP vs. CBT-CP	Mindful Action for Pain	In the second arm, MAP will be compared to CBT-CP to establish feasibility of a larger, future trial.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Interference Subscale Change	Baseline and week 9	The BPI Pain Interference subscale consists of 7-items rated on a 0 - 10 scale that measures the degree to which pain interferes with various aspects of life, including mobility, social activities, and mood. Scores are averaged with a range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate higher levels of pain interference (i.e., worse outcome).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ)	Baseline and week 9	The CPAQ consists of 20-items rated on a 0 - 6 scale that measures the degree that patients have adjusted to pain as part of their identity and lifestyle. Scores range from 0 to 120. Higher scores indicate higher levels of pain acceptance (i.e., better outcome).
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)	Baseline and week 9	The MAAS consists of 15-items assessing present-moment attention and awareness of everyday experiences. Scores range from 1-6 with higher scores reflecting greater mindfulness (i.e., better outcome).
Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)	Baseline and week 9	The PCS consists of 13 items rated on 0 - 4 scale that measures the degree to which people experience an aversive orientation towards pain. Scores range from 0 - 52). Higher scores indicate higher levels of pain catastrophizing (i.e., worse outcome).