Blood Biomarkers for the Management of Concussion in Professional Rugby Players

The possible evolution of neuro-vascular damage and its biological consequences are currently overlooked. The Head Injury Assessment (HIA) is the current gold standard used by the national Rugby Medical Authorities in accordance with international safety protocols. The HIA protocol relies on neurological or neuropsychological endpoints, potentially subjective or not ensuring sufficient sensitivity. As a result, defining the immediate and long-term pathophysiological consequences of concussions remains challenging. The introduction of an objective blood test to detect the presence and the evolution overtime of neuro-vascular damage could represent a pairing approach filling a sensitive gap in the management of concussed players. Recent evidence has proposed the use of serum biomarkers aiding post-concussion management . Remarkably, serum biomarkers of neuro-vascular functions are currently being used in emergency room settings. Serum levels of the brain protein S100β were demonstrated to have an excellent negative predictive value for neurovascular damage after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Measurement of blood S100β was proposed as a tool to grade TBI, limiting unnecessary CT scan examinations in emergency cases . However, whether the use of serum makers of neuro-vascular damage could benefit the management of sport-related concussion remains unclear. Moreover, repeated concussions have been linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's disease . Serum biomarkers could be of diagnostic and prognostic value, facilitating return to play decisions or predicting lingering risks of cognitive decline.