Promoting Positive Emotions in Adolescents Using Positive Event Training: An Indicated Approach (iPET)
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 尚未招募
- 发起方
- KU Leuven
- 入组人数
- 36
- 主要终点
- Daily-life positive emotions measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Kirtley et al., 2022)
研究概览
简要总结
Research shows that high positive emotionality is an essential ingredient in building resilience in youngsters, especially those with a vulnerability to develop depressive symptomatology. It may empower them against actual depression and its various long-term adverse outcomes. One way to achieve positive emotions is via the recollection and anticipation of specific positive events. Therefore, to cultivate positive emotions in young people, a user-friendly group training program was developed, translated from basic research findings: Positive Event Training (PET). Through PET, adolescents learn to solidify positive memories and positive plans for the future. In this project, a comprehensive evaluation of PET's efficacy is conducted using a robust methodology with vulnerable youth.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Na
- 干预模型
- Single Group
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 12 Years 至 16 Years（Child）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •12-16 years (age)
- •moderate level of baseline depressive symptoms
排除标准
- 未提供
结局指标
主要结局
Daily-life positive emotions measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Kirtley et al., 2022)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) immediately after the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment)
Mean value of four daily diary items (i.e., "How relaxed, content, enthusiast, good do you feel?"), rated on a 0 ("not at all") to 100 ("a lot") rating scale. Higher values represent, higher levels of positive emotions (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life positive emotions measured via daily diary items at follow-up (adapted from Kirtley et al., 2022)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment
Mean value of four daily diary items (i.e., "How relaxed, content, enthusiast, good do you feel?"), rated on a 0 ("not at all") to 100 ("a lot") rating scale. Higher values represent, higher levels of positive emotions (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life anhedonia measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Bogaert et al., 2023)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment)
Mean value of three daily diary items tapping into difficulties experiencing consummatory pleasure, anticipatory pleasure and motivational difficulties using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you find it difficult to enjoy yourself?"; "To what extent did you look forward to doing enjoyable things? (reverse-scored), "Conditional: if 0-50 ("not at all - neutral"): Was this because there really weren't any enjoyable things to look forward to, or because they were there but you couldn't really look forward to them?; "How happy did you feel?" (reverse-scored)). Higher score reflects higher levels of anhedonia (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life anhedonia measured via daily diary items at follow-up (adapted from Bogaert et al., 2023)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment
Mean value of three daily diary items tapping into difficulties experiencing consummatory pleasure, anticipatory pleasure and motivational difficulties using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you find it difficult to enjoy yourself?"; "To what extent did you look forward to doing enjoyable things? (reverse-scored), "Conditional: if 0-50 ("not at all - neutral"): Was this because there really weren't any enjoyable things to look forward to, or because they were there but you couldn't really look forward to them?; "How happy did you feel?" (reverse-scored)). Higher score reflects higher levels of anhedonia (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life dampening measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Gérardy et al., in preparation; simplified to better fit target group of adolescents)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment)
Mean value of four daily life items to measure mental strategies to reduce the intensity and/or frequency of positive emotions, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you think, "This pleasant feeling won't last"?"; "To what extent did you think, "I don't deserve to feel good"?"; To what extent did you think, "Something might go wrong that will make my good/pleasant feeling go away"?; "To what extent did you think about how difficult it would be if your good/pleasant feeling suddenly disappeared?"). Higher score reflects higher levels of dampening (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life dampening measured via daily diary items at follow-up (adapted from Gérardy et al., in preparation; simplified to better fit target group of adolescents)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment
Mean value of four daily life items to measure mental strategies to reduce the intensity and/or frequency of positive emotions, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you think, "This pleasant feeling won't last"?"; "To what extent did you think, "I don't deserve to feel good"?"; To what extent did you think, "Something might go wrong that will make my good/pleasant feeling go away"?; "To what extent did you think about how difficult it would be if your good/pleasant feeling suddenly disappeared?"). Higher score reflects higher levels of dampening (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life savoring measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Gérardy et al., in preparation; simplified to better fit target group of adolescents)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment)
Mean value of two daily life items tapping into the the engagement in attending to, appreciating and enhancing positive experiences, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you allow the good/pleasant feeling to be there and simply let it be?", "To what extent did you try to really focus your attention on the good/pleasant feeling in order to fully experience it and truly enjoy it?"). Higher scores reflect a higher tendency to savor (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life savoring measured via daily diary items at follow-up (adapted from Gérardy et al., in preparation; simplified to better fit target group of adolescents)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment
Mean value of two daily diary items tapping into the the engagement in attending to, appreciating and enhancing positive experiences, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you allow the good/pleasant feeling to be there and simply let it be?", "To what extent did you try to really focus your attention on the good/pleasant feeling in order to fully experience it and truly enjoy it?"). Higher scores reflect a higher tendency to savor (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life emotional distress measured via daily diary items at post-training (derived from Bogaert et al., 2023)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment)
Mean value of three daily diary items to measure anxiety, stress and depressed feelings, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "How anxious did you feel?"; "How depressed (down) did you feel?"; "How stressed did you feel?"). A higher score reflects higher levels of emotional distress (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life emotional distress measured via daily diary items at follow-up (derived from Bogaert et al., 2023)
时间窗: Measured via nine days of daily diaries (2x/day) after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment
Mean value of three daily diary items to measure anxiety, stress and depressed feelings, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "How anxious did you feel?"; "How depressed (down) did you feel?"; "How stressed did you feel?"). A higher score reflects higher levels of emotional distress (min = 0, max = 100).
次要结局
- Dampening measured via the Leuven Exeter Dampening Scale (LEDS, Bogaert et al., 2025) at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Episodic future thinking features measured via the Episodic Future Thinking Test (EFT-T; Hallford et al., 2019), and single item rating scales per generated event at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Episodic future thinking features measured via the Episodic Future Thinking Test (EFT-T; Hallford et al., 2019), and single item rating scales per generated event at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Autobiographical memory features measured via the Autobiographical Memory (AM) Test (AMT; Raes, Williams, & Hermans, 2009) and single item rating scales per generated event at post-training(Measured via self-report scales immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Autobiographical memory features measured via the Autobiographical Memory (AM) Test (AMT; Raes, Williams, & Hermans, 2009) and single item rating scales per generated event at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Positive Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Scales (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Positive Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Scales (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) at follow-up(Measured via self-report scales after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Leuven Anhedonia Scale (LASS, 2nd version; Nelis et al., 2018) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Leuven Anhedonia Scale (LASS, 2nd version; Nelis et al., 2018) at follow-up(Measured via self-report scales after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Dampening measured via the Leuven Exeter Dampening Scale (LEDS, Bogaert et al., 2025) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Savoring measured via the Savoring Subscale of the Four-Factor Model of the Abridged Ways Of Savoring Checklist (WOSC) in Response to Everyday Events (Original scale Bryant and Vernoff, 2007; Four-Factor Model Chadwick, 2012) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Savoring measured via the Savoring Subscale of the Four-Factor Model of the Abridged Ways Of Savoring Checklist (WOSC) in Response to Everyday Events (Original scale Bryant and Vernoff, 2007; Four-Factor Model Chadwick, 2012) at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) at follow-up(Measured via self-report scales after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Resilience assessed via the short version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Campbell-Sills & Stein, 2007; Connor & Davidson, 2003; translated into Dutch by Danhof-Pont & Schrier, 2006, 2010) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Daily-life resilience (general) measured via daily diary item at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Daily-life resilience (in response to stress) measured via daily diary item at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Daily-life resilience (in response to stress, using positive emotions) measured via daily diary item at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Resilience assessed via the short version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Campbell-Sills & Stein, 2007; Connor & Davidson, 2003; translated into Dutch by Danhof-Pont & Schrier, 2006, 2010) at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Daily-life resilience (general) measured via daily diary item at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Daily-life resilience (in response to stress) measured via daily diary item at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Daily-life resilience (in response to stress, using positive emotions) measured via daily diary item at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Mental wellbeing measured via the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS; Ikink et al., 2012; Stewart-Brown et al., 2009) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Mental wellbeing measured via the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS; Ikink et al., 2012; Stewart-Brown et al., 2009) at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Persistent negative thinking measured via the Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS; Magson et al., 2019; 5 items) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the baseline assessment))
- Persistent negative thinking measured via the Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS; Magson et al., 2019; 5 items) at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)
- Common humanity measured via the "Samen mens zijn" scale (Raes & Bogaert, 2025; unpublished) at post-training(Measured immediately after the end of the training (i.e., four weeks after the end of the baseline assessment))
- Common humanity measured via the "Samen mens zijn" scale (Raes & Bogaert, 2025; unpublished) at follow-up(Measured after two/three months of follow-up after the post-training assessment)