Multisensory Integration and Pain Perception

Assessment of Physiologic Measurements

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

Participants may be fitted with electrocardiography (ECG) sensors and a respiratory belt that is placed around the participant's chest. Subjects may also be fitted with sensors that measure electrodermal activity. All physiological activity will be recorded at a rate of 1 kHz and will be processed with an integrated software system. Respiratory rate will be calculated in breaths per minute. ECG sensors will be placed on the lower right and left ribs of the participant. Respiration belt will be attached to the upper chest, and two 6 mm Ag/AgCl skin conductance electrodes will be placed on the distal phalanges of the first and second fingers of the non-dominant hand. Higher scores reflect more physiological arousal to pain stimuli.

Ways of Coping Scale (WOCS-PR; Positive Reappraisal Subscale)

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

The 7-item form assesses levels of positive reappraisal. The WOCS- Positive Reappraisal Subscale has a total of seven questions. It uses a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3 and asks the participant to think of a specific stressful situation. High scores on the PR subscale represent frequent use by the individual of positive reappraisal for stressful events.

State Anxiety Inventory (SAI)

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

This 20-item scale is commonly used to measure state anxiety and has internal consistency, construct validity, and test-retest reliability. A score between 20 and 80 is given, with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety.

VAS of Stress

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

Participants will indicate with the VAS how stressed, from a scale of 0-10, they are at the present moment. A rating of 0 will be recorded for "no stress" while a rating of 10 will be recorded for "highest" stress possible.

Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) (Short Form)

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

This 14-item form assesses self- attributed mindfulness. The inventory is composed of 14 items that use a 1 to 4 Likert scale. Obtaining a higher score represents higher mindfulness.

Positive and Negative Affective Scale (PANAS)

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

This scale measures general affective states by assessing a subject's experience of 20 different emotions. This scale is scored on a 5-point scale, with higher scores for the positive questions representing higher levels of positive affect, and higher scores for the negative questions representing higher levels of negative affect.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

This scale is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory for measuring the severity of depression, and it has internal consistency, construct validity, and test-retest reliability. There is a total of 21 questions with a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3. Higher scores represent higher levels of depression.

Psychophysical Assessment of Pain

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

Pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings will be assessed with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). If the participant states that he or she "is in no pain" or the pain "is not at all unpleasant," a rating of 0 will be recorded for pain intensity and unpleasantness, respectively. The maximum rating of "10" will designate the "most intense pain imaginable/the most unpleasant pain imaginable".

Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

This is a psychological instrument for measuring participant's perception of stress. It has internal consistency, construct validity, and test-retest reliability. There is a total of 10 questions with higher scores denoting higher levels of perceived stress.

VAS of Analgesia

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

Participants will be asked to indicate, by using the visual analog scale, how much pain they will expect to experience. If the participant states that he or she "will experience no pain" or the pain "will not be unpleasant," a rating of 0 will be recorded for pain intensity and unpleasantness, respectively. The maximum rating of "10" will designate the "most intense pain imaginable/the most unpleasant pain imaginable".

Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

This 13-item form assesses rumination, magnification, and helplessness, attributes used in the literature to define pain catastrophizing. Each item is given a score from 0 to 4. The total scores range from 0 to 52, with higher ratings representing higher levels of catastrophic thinking.

Valence Ratings for Images

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

: Participants for phase one will rate the images based on the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) valence ratings. The ratings will use a Likert scale ranging from 1 (low pleasantness) to 9 (high pleasantness). After the participants look at the image for 2 seconds, they will be asked to rate level of pleasantness in less than 5 seconds based on the immediate feeling experienced while viewing the image.

VAS of Political Affiliation

时间窗: throughout study completion, up to 2 hours

Using the VAS, participants will indicate where in the political spectrum they identify. Participants will be instructed that the right side of the VAS corresponds to conservatism while the left corresponds to liberalism. Participants will move the sliding scale on the VAS to the location corresponding to their political affiliation.