A Retrospective Comparative Cohort Study Evaluating the Efficacy, Anatomical Outcomes, Recurrence Rates, and Safety of Oral Prednisolone Versus Posterior Sub-Tenon Triamcinolone Acetonide as Initial Therapy in Acute Ocular Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

This retrospective comparative observational cohort study evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral prednisolone versus posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide (PST/STA) as initial therapy for acute ocular Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. The study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt, through a review of electronic and paper-based medical records of patients treated between January 2021 and December 2025.

Eligible patients were adults diagnosed with acute ocular VKH disease who had not received prior systemic or periocular corticosteroid therapy and who had a minimum follow-up duration of six months. Patients were managed according to routine clinical practice and received either systemic oral prednisolone or PST/STA as initial treatment, based on treating physician discretion. Both eyes of each patient were treated using the same modality, and analyses were performed at the patient level.

Patients in the oral prednisolone group received an initial dose of approximately 1 mg/kg/day (maximum 80 mg/day), followed by gradual tapering over 3-6 weeks. Patients in the PST/STA group received a posterior sub-Tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/1 mL), with repeat injection considered if clinically indicated. Topical corticosteroids and cycloplegics were permitted in both groups. Systemic corticosteroids were reserved as rescue therapy in the PST/STA group when necessary.

Data extracted from medical records included demographic characteristics, baseline ophthalmic findings, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), OCT parameters, follow-up clinical assessments, recurrence episodes, requirement for rescue therapy, and ocular or systemic adverse events. The primary outcome measure was control of ocular inflammation at three months following initiation of therapy. Secondary outcome measures included longitudinal changes in BCVA, OCT-based anatomical recovery, recurrence of inflammation, need for additional treatment, and treatment-related adverse events during follow-up.

Statistical analysis was planned using appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests for between-group comparisons, survival analysis methods for time-to-event outcomes, and a significance threshold of p < 0.05.