Transgender and GENdEr diverSe Individuals Screening for Breast Cancer: the GENESIS Study

In recent years, the scientific community has been paying increasing attention to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersexual, asexual population, with a special focus on transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Globally, the percentage of adults who identify themselves as transgender varies between 0.3% and 0.5%, while approximately 0.5% to 4.5% of adults are estimated to identify as gender-diverse. Despite the growing visibility of transgender and gender-diverse community and the efforts towards their depathologization, healthcare still needs to address two fundamental issues: the inadequate preparation of healthcare staff regarding gender incongruence which results in mistreatment and discrimination and the lack of uniform and large-scale prospective data. Scientific evidence regarding the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) in these patients and the related benefits of BC screening are still limited and insufficient. The Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica (AIOM), reported that the risk of developing BC tends to increase in transgender women compared to cisgender men (standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 46.7; 95% CI, 27.2-75.4), although it does not reach the level of risk in cisgender women (SIR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.4). Conversely, in transgender men, the risk of BC decreases when compared to cisgender women (SIR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.5), but it still remains higher than the risk present in cisgender men (58.9; 95% CI, 18.7-142.2).As for the screening programs, there is a lower adherence among the transgender and non-conforming-gender population compared to the cisgender population, due to socio-economic barriers and a lack of clear recommendations supported by scientific evidence.The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)and AIOM guidelines currently do not include specific recommendations for transgender individuals due to the aforementioned lack of scientific evidence.

The American College of Radiology (ACR) regulates screening protocols for the transgender population based on factors such as age, hormone therapy exposure, surgical history, and risk categories.