Predictive Value of Blood-based Biomarkers on the Functional Outcome in Young Adult Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common subtype of stroke and accounts for nearly 10% to 30% of all strokes [1]. ICH posed a significant health burden in China in 2019, contributing to 25 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). It is associated with an early mortality rate of approximately 30-40% and has shown no reduction in prevalence in recent decades [2]. The higher incidence and mortality of ICH in middle-income and low-income countries may be attributed to limited public awareness regarding preventive measures, as well as challenges in accessing healthcare services [3]. So far, few treatment possibilities have yielded conclusive benefits. However, numerous predictors of poor outcomes after ICH have been suggested, including hematoma volume, hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema (PHE), and the presence and quantity of intraventricular hemorrhage growth [4,5,6,7]. Similarly, researchers continue to search for various blood-based biomarkers to guide management and predict outcomes after acute ICH [8,9,10,11,12]. A growing number of studies have shown that many novel biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), S100A12, and interleukin-6, are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with ICH [8,9,10]. Thus, the application of blood-based biomarkers may improve risk stratification and aid clinical decisions in patients with ICH.

Therefore, in this review, we assessed the data available in the literature regarding the diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating blood biomarkers in patients with ICH. For each biomarker, we depicted the detailed characteristics in order to shed light on potential future clinical applications Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common subtype of stroke and a critical disease usually leading to severe disability or death. ICH is more common in advanced age, male sex, and low- and middle-income countries. The case fatality rate of ICH is high, and only 12% to 39% of survivors can achieve long-term functional independence. Risk factors of ICH are hypertension, current smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, hypocholesterolemia, and drugs. Clinical presentation varies according to the size and location of hematoma, and intraventricular extension of hemorrhage.