The Effects of Exergaming on Pain, Postural Control, Technology Acceptance and Flow Experience in Older People With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: a Randomised Controlled Trial

Change in rate of change of centre of pressure (mm.s-1) location - eyes closed.

时间窗: Change in rate of change of centre of pressure (mm.s-1) location (eyes closed), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure velocity (mm.s-1) is the rate at which the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) moves, as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes closed. It is quantified in mm.s-1 and an increase represents faster movements and hence more rapid corrections of balance are required to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in rate of change of centre of pressure (mm.s-1) location - eyes open.

时间窗: Change in centre of pressure velocity (mm.s-1) (eyes open), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure velocity (mm.s-1) is the rate at which the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) moves, as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes open. It is quantified in mm.s-1 and an increase represents faster movements and hence more rapid corrections of balance are required to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in standard deviation of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the anterio-posterior direction - eyes open.

时间窗: Change in standard deviation of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the anterio-posterior direction (eyes open), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure (CoP) is the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes open. The location of the CoP changes in the anterio-posterior direction (forwards to backwards) if the person sways forward and backward. The variability in the magnitude of sway is reflected in the Standard Deviation of this measure. It is quantified in mm and an increased variation in movement means that more varied corrections of balance are required to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in Pain intensity (within previous 30 days) rating

时间窗: Change in Pain intensity (within previous 30 days) rating, from baseline to six weeks

Participants rated the intensity of their pain (within previous 30 days) on a 0-10 scale where 10 is the WORST POSSIBLE PAIN. An increased score represents greater pain.

Change in standard deviation of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the anterio-posterior direction - eyes closed.

时间窗: Change in standard deviation of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the anterio-posterior direction (eyes closed), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure (CoP) is the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes closed. The location of the CoP changes in the anterio-posterior direction (forwards to backwards) if the person sways forward and backward. The variability in the magnitude of sway is reflected in the Standard Deviation of this measure. It is quantified in mm and an increased variation in movement means that more varied corrections of balance are required to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in score on each sub-scale included in the Flow State Scale (FSS) (Jackson and Marsh, 1996).

时间窗: Change in score on each sub-scale included in the Flow State Scale questionnaire, from baseline to six weeks

FSS comprises 36 questions rated on a 5-point Likert scale 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree, grouped into nine subscales. 1. autotelic experience, the intrinsically rewarding experience doing a task 2. clear goals, clearly confident of action 3. challenge-skill-balance, balance between skills and challenge 4. concentration at task, complete control on performing a task 5. control, at full focus at the task 6. unambiguous feedback, feedback on performing a task 7. action-awareness-merging, immediate, direct and clear observations whilst performing a task 8. transformation of time, sense of time speeds or slows, becomes irrelevant or out of one's awareness 9. loss of self consciousness, sense of not being concerned with oneself while engaged in a task Question ratings are summed to give subscale score. An increased score in any subscale reflects an increase in the experience of Flow State (a positive outcome in respect of experience of any activity).

Change in Pain intensity (at present time) rating

时间窗: Change in Pain intensity (within previous 30 days) rating, from baseline to six weeks

Participants rated the intensity of their pain (within previous 30 days) on a 0-10 scale where 10 is the WORST POSSIBLE PAIN. An increased score represents greater pain.

Change in score, on each cluster included in the Multi Affect and Pain Survey (MAPS) questionnaire (Clark, 2002).

时间窗: Change in MAPS Cluster Score, from baseline to six weeks

MAPS comprises three superclusters reflecting three major aspects of pain: somatosensory, emotional and well-being. 1. somatosensory supercluster contains 17 clusters with 57 descriptors of painful sensory qualities 2. emotional supercluster has 8 clusters with 26 descriptors of negative emotional qualities 3. well-being supercluster has 5 clusters with 18 descriptors of positive affect, and health. Descriptors are presented as statements and participants rate how closely each comes to describing how they feel on a six point scale (from 0 (Not at all) to 5 (Very much so)). Descriptor scores are summed to give Cluster scores. An increased score in somatosensory and emotional clusters reflects a worsening, in well-being it reflects an improvement.

Change in range of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the anterior-posterior direction - eyes open.

时间窗: Change in range of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the anterior-posterior direction (eyes open), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure (CoP) is the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes open. The location of the CoP changes in the anterio-posterior direction (forwards to backwards) if the person sways forward and backward. The extent of maximal and minimal magnitude of sway is reflected in the Range of this measure. It is quantified in mm and an increase represents larger movements occurred and so correspondingly larger corrections of balance are required, to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in standard deviation of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the medio-lateral direction - eyes open.

时间窗: Change in standard deviation of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the medio-lateral direction (eyes open), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure (CoP) is the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes open. The location of the CoP changes in the medio-lateral direction (side-to-side) if the person sways from side to side. The variability in the magnitude of sway is reflected in the Standard Deviation of this measure. It is quantified in mm and an increased variation in movement means that more varied corrections of balance are required to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in range of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the medio-lateral direction - eyes open.

时间窗: Change in range of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the medio-lateral direction (eyes open), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure (CoP) is the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes open. The location of the CoP changes in the medio-lateral direction (side-to-side) if the person sways from side to side. The extent of maximal and minimal magnitude of sway is reflected in the Range of this measure. It is quantified in mm and an increase represents larger movements occurred and so correspondingly larger corrections of balance are required, to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in range of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the anterior-posterior direction - eyes closed.

时间窗: Change in range of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the anterior-posterior direction(eyes closed), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure (CoP) is the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes closed. The location of the CoP changes in the anterio-posterior direction (forwards to backwards) if the person sways forward and backward. The extent of maximal and minimal magnitude of sway is reflected in the Range of this measure. It is quantified in mm and an increase represents larger movements occurred and so correspondingly larger corrections of balance are required, to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in standard deviation of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the medio-lateral direction - eyes closed.

时间窗: Change in standard deviation of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the medio-lateral direction (eyes closed), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure (CoP) is the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes closed. The location of the CoP changes in the medio-lateral direction (side-to-side) if the person sways from side to side. The variability in the magnitude of sway is reflected in the Standard Deviation of this measure. It is quantified in mm and an increased variation in movement means that more varied corrections of balance are required to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in range of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the medio-lateral direction - eyes closed.

时间窗: Change in range of centre of pressure (mm) location measurements in the medio-lateral direction(eyes closed), from baseline to six weeks

Centre of pressure (CoP) is the centre point of force (measured on a Kistler™ Force Plate) as the participant stands on the force plate with their eyes closed. The location of the CoP changes in the medio-lateral direction (side-to-side) if the person sways from side to side. The extent of maximal and minimal magnitude of sway is reflected in the Range of this measure. It is quantified in mm and an increase represents larger movements occurred and so correspondingly larger corrections of balance are required, to maintain equilibrium and hence postural control has worsened.

Change in score on each domain included in the Technology Acceptance: United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) questionnaire (Venkatesh, 2003).

时间窗: Change in score on each domain included in the Technology Acceptance: United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) questionnaire, from baseline to six weeks

The UTAUT comprises statements rated on a 7-point Likert scale, 1 strongly disagree to 7 strongly agree, grouped into six domains. 1. performance expectancy, the belief that using a system will help improve performance, 2. effort expectancy, how easy it is to use the technology 3. social influence, how much the user believes others think they should use the technology 4. facilitation conditions, how much the user believes they should use the technology, 5. self-efficacy, how capable the user feel to use the technology 6. behavioural intention, intention to use the technology again. Statement ratings are summed to give Domain scores. An increased score in any Domain reflects an increase in acceptance (positive outcome in respect of technology usage).