Worse Than Expected - Differences Between Healthy and Depressed People in Processing Unexpectedly Negative Information
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 171
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- 2-Item Performance Expectations Scale - generalized
研究概览
简要总结
Research has shown that people with depressive symptoms maintain negative expectations even if they have positive experiences that contradict their expectations. Healthy people, however, change their expectations after unexpected positive experiences. In this experimental study, it will now be examined whether there are also differences between healthy people and people with depressive symptoms in dealing with unexpected negative experiences.
详细描述
Research has already shown that people with depressive symptoms continue to hold on to negative expectations even if they have positive experiences that contradict their expectations. By contrast, healthy people change their expectations after unexpectedly positive experiences. In this experimental study, the authors will now examine whether there are also differences between healthy people and people with depressive symptoms in processing unexpectedly negative experiences. It is hypothesized that people with depressive symptoms change their expectations in a negative direction after unexpectedly negative experiences, while healthy people continue to hold on to an optimistic view.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Basic Science
- 盲法
- Single (Investigator)
盲法说明
The investigator randomly assigns participants to one of the experimental conditions. Participants are not aware which experimental condition they are allocated to.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •(clinical sample):
- •diagnosis of major depression
- •at least 18 years old
- •sufficient German language skills
排除标准
- •(clinical sample):
- •participation in previous studies on changes in expectations
- •Inclusion Criteria (healthy sample):
- •at least 18 years old
- •sufficient German language skills
- •Exclusion Criteria (clinical sample):
- •participation in previous studies on changes in expectations
- •current diagnosis of any mental disorder
- •diagnosis of major depression in the past
- •currently receiving psychotherapeutic treatment
研究组 & 干预措施
Expectation confirmation
The participants in this group receive manipulated feedback indicating that their performance was very good in the test they had previously worked on. This feedback is intended to confirm the previously induced positive expectations of their own performance.
干预措施: Expectation confirmation (Behavioral)
Expectation disconfirmation
The participants in this group receive manipulated feedback indicating that their performance was below average in the test they had previously worked on. This feedback is intended to negatively disconfirm the previously induced positive expectations of their own performance.
干预措施: Expectation disconfirmation (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
2-Item Performance Expectations Scale - generalized
时间窗: Immediately before the performance test and immediately after completion of the performance test
Changes from baseline to postassessment in generalized performance expectations. Each item is scored from 1 to 7 (1 = very negative expectations, 7 = very positive expectations), yielding a total score between 2 and 14. Higher total scores reflect more positive expectations.
次要结局
- 2-Item Performance Expectations Scale - task-specific(Immediately before the performance test and immediately after completion of the performance test)