Skill-dependent Acute Effects of Wearable Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Golf Shot Performance: a Double-blind, Sham-controlled Randomized Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 67
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Carry distance change
研究概览
简要总结
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been investigated as an ergogenic aid for two decades, but most sport evidence comes from laboratory stimulators operated by experimenters. This trial evaluates whether a single 20-minute session of wearable, app-controlled bilateral motor-cortex tDCS (Halo Sport 2, 2 mA) improves full-swing golf shot performance compared with sham stimulation. The study is a double-blind, sham-controlled, parallel-group randomized trial with a pre-test/post-test design in golfers stratified into professional, amateur-high, and amateur-middle skill groups. Each participant attends a single session comprising a 40-shot pre-test, 20 minutes of real or sham stimulation, and a 40-shot post-test, with shots measured by a TrackMan 4 launch monitor across eight standardized club categories. The primary outcomes are change scores (post minus pre) in carry distance, ball speed, smash factor, within-player carry-distance variability, and absolute lateral deviation. Effects will be examined overall and as a function of skill level (categorical group and continuous golf handicap).
详细描述
Participants are stratified by skill level (professional, amateur-high, amateur-middle) and sex, and randomly assigned 1:1 to real or sham stimulation using a computer-generated sequence; allocation is concealed from the testing team. Real stimulation: Halo Sport 2 headset, bilateral primary motor cortex (approximately C3/C4), 2 mA for 20 minutes (30-s ramp up and down), controlled by smartphone app. Sham: identical device and app procedure with a 30-s current ramp-up followed immediately by ramp-down and no sustained current; the app does not display the stimulation mode. Each participant attends one session: 10-min standardized warm-up, 40-shot pre-test, 20-min stimulation, 40-shot post-test. Shot outcomes (carry distance, ball speed, smash factor, spin rate, launch angle, launch direction, club speed, attack angle, face-to-path) are recorded with a TrackMan 4 launch monitor; within-player variability (SD of five shots) is computed per club category (Driver, 3-wood, hybrid, 5-iron, 7-iron, 9-iron, 70-yd wedge task, 100-yd wedge task). Analyses use linear mixed models with likelihood-ratio tests; skill-dependent moderation is tested categorically (group) and continuously (handicap linear and quadratic interactions) with false-discovery-rate correction. Anonymized participant-level data and analysis scripts will be made available in a public repository (Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22684611).
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Basic Science
- 盲法
- Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 16 Years 至 —（Child, Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Age ≥ 16 years;
- •at least 2 years of systematic golf training;
- •own set of clubs covering the standardized test clubs;
- •right-handedness;
- •normal or corrected-to-normal vision;
- •no musculoskeletal injury in the previous 6 months that would affect the golf swing.
排除标准
- •History of neurological or psychiatric disease; epilepsy;
- •metal implants in the head; pregnancy;
- •skin lesions under the electrode sites;
- •current use of central-nervous-system-active medication;
- •migraine within the previous year.
研究组 & 干预措施
Real tDCS
Halo Sport 2 wearable headset; bilateral primary motor cortex (approx. C3/C4); 2 mA; 20 min (30-s ramp up/down); single session between pre- and post-test; app-controlled
干预措施: Wearable transcranial direct current stimulation (Halo Sport 2) (Behavioral)
Sham tDCS
Same device and app; 30-s ramp-up followed immediately by ramp-down; no sustained current
干预措施: Wearable transcranial direct current stimulation (Halo Sport 2) (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Carry distance change
时间窗: Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session)
Post minus pre carry distance (yards), per club category
Ball speed change
时间窗: Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session)
Post minus pre ball speed (mph), per club category
Smash factor change
时间窗: Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session)
Post minus pre smash factor (ball speed / club speed), per club category
Carry distance variability change
时间窗: Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session)
Post minus pre within-player SD of the five shots per club category (yards)
Absolute lateral deviation change
时间窗: Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session)
Post minus pre absolute carry-side deviation (yards), per club category \|
次要结局
- Club head speed change(Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session))
- Spin rate change(Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session))
- Launch angle change(Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session))
- Absolute face-to-path change(Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session))
- Absolute launch direction change(Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session))
- Total distance change(Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session))
- Attack angle change(Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session))
- Ball speed variability change（within-player SD of five shots）(Baseline and immediately after intervention (same-day single session))
研究者
Hongbin Xiang
Principal Investigator
Shanghai University of Sport