Detroit Area Study of College Student Lifestyles

While individual difference factors, such as trait self-control and subjective college student role investment, appear to be important predictors of excessive alcohol consumption and related problems, these factors are not typically incorporated into indicated prevention strategies. Indicated prevention usually focuses on groups or individuals who already express some aspects of a health-related problem (e.g., heavy episodic drinking), or who, at the very least, exhibit markers of risk (e.g., early age of first drink) associated with the development of a health-related problem (Gordon, 1987). The primary aim of the current proposal is to incorporate a personality-informed module into an existing motivational interviewing framework for alcohol-related harm reduction and test its efficacy compared to an information-only approach (i.e., informational packet) and a conventional strategy for indicated prevention (i.e., Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students, BASICS; Dimeff et al., 1999) that has provided evidence for reduced risk of alcohol-related problems in randomized controlled trials (Borsari & Carey, 2000; 2005).

Motivational interviewing is a common technique used to address ambivalence and/or resistance to behavioral change. Motivational interviewing is commonly used in the context of health-related behaviors, such as excessive alcohol consumption, where an individual might not have experienced any serious consequences (e.g., driving while intoxicated), but may still be at risk for problems (Miller & Rollnick, 2002). In motivational interviewing, a tone of collaboration and attentiveness is considered critical to the success of the interaction. The primary goal is to guide an individual toward increased motivation to change (and actual behavioral change) by being responsive to the desires and concerns of the individual as it relates to change, and by having an individual commit to even the most modest of change goals (e.g., consuming beverages with reduced alcohol by volume in situations that are known to be high-risk, rather than a favorite, higher alcohol-by-volume beverage). Motivational interviewing is well-suited to accommodate a personality-informed module for change due to its emphasis on an individual's unique profile of factors.

In BASICS, a harm reduction approach is used to inform the assessment and content of the initial assessment session, as well as the follow-up feedback session (Dimeff et al., 1999). Consistent with research showing there to be a continuum of problems for alcohol and other externalizing behaviors (Bogg & Finn, 2010; Krueger et al., 2002), the harm reduction approach emphasizes that any movement toward reduced risk and harm, regardless of its impact, is positive movement, even if a person might be farther along the continuum of harm (Marlatt, 1998). The current proposal seeks to test an augmentation of the harm reduction approach of BASICS with a normative enhancement approach derived from the social investment hypothesis of the Cumulative Continuity Model of personality development (Roberts & Caspi, 2003).

According to the social investment hypothesis, the process of commitment to normative roles, such as college student, is ''thought to exact a form of social control through the role demands embedded in these contexts that call on individuals to act with more responsibility and probity'' (Roberts & Caspi, 2003; p. 203). To the extent that further commitment, investment, and involvement in the college student role can be fostered, then a concomitant increase in trait self-control should be expected as well, independent of harm reduction effects. As suggested by the findings described above, the effect of increased subjective college student role investment could be to deflect a risky trajectory for alcohol-related problems - an effect that could be further amplified by corresponding increases in trait self-control. This normative enhancement (NE) approach is posited to be particularly useful for those individuals who do not recognize or are steadfastly resistant to even minor harm reduction efforts conveyed through the motivational interviewing framework of BASICS. The strategy of the normative enhancement approach is to capitalize on an individual's goals for involvement in roles - especially those roles, such as college student, which are nominally voluntary in nature.