The Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Package on Peripheral Venous Cannulation Pain and Anxiety in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Overview
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Intervention
- Not specified
- Conditions
- Procedural Anxiety
- Sponsor
- Aynur Aytekin Ozdemir
- Enrollment
- 80
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale: WB-FACES
- Status
- Completed
- Last Updated
- 2 years ago
Overview
Brief Summary
This study investigated the effect of cognitive-behavioral interventions package (CBIP) on pain and anxiety related to peripheral venous cannulation (PVC) in children aged 7-12 years.
Detailed Description
The International Guide to Pediatric Anesthesia (Good Practice in Postoperative and Procedural Pain) recommends pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods to effectively manage and prevent acute procedural pain in children. Nonpharmacological methods alone or in combination with pharmacological methods help reduce pain, and therefore, have become popular especially in recent years. For pain management, nonpharmacological methods are easy to use, and cost- and time-effective methods with no side effects. Studies have evaluated a large number of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for procedural pain management in children. However, most of those interventions are not used by healthcare professionals because they are expensive, time-consuming or hard to use. Therefore, easy-to-use, practical, non-invasive, cost-effective, and reusable nonpharmacological methods can be used especially in acute settings. Cognitive-behavioral interventions, one of the non-pharmacological methods used to minimize pain and anxiety related to painful medical procedures in children are promising.
Investigators
Aynur Aytekin Ozdemir
Professor
Istanbul Medeniyet University
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- •being between the ages of 7 to 12 years
- •be literate
- •requiring peripheral venous cannulation procedure
Exclusion Criteria
- •had chronic diseases
- •had neuro-developmentally delayed
- •had visual, audio, or speech impairments
- •were hospital stay for treatment in the past three years
- •had a history of sedative, analgesic or narcotic use within 24 hours before procedure
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale: WB-FACES
Time Frame: Through painful procedure completion, an average of 10 minutes
The scale is used to diagnose pain in children aged 3-18 years. It consists of six facial expressions, each one representing an increasing degree of pain scored on a scale 0 to 5 from left to right. The first face is a happy face representing "no pain=0" while the last face is a crying face representing "the worst pain imaginable=5". Higher scores indicate low pain tolerance. Participants are asked to choose the facial expression that best represents their pain.
Visual Analog Scale: VAS
Time Frame: Through painful procedure completion, an average of 10 minutes
The VAS is used to measure and monitor pain intensity. VAS is a 10 cm or 100 mm long horizontal or vertical line with anchor statements "no pain or pain at its least" at the left-most end and "unbearable pain or worst pain imaginable" at the right-most end. The participant is asked to mark a point on the line that best represents their pain level. The VAS score is determined by measuring the distance of the mark from the left end of the line. VAS is an easy-to-understand and easy-to-measure scale for children aged 7 and over.
Children's Fear Scale: CFS
Time Frame: Through painful procedure completion, an average of 10 minutes
The CFS was developed to measure fear and anxiety in children. It consists of five facial expressions that represent a range from neutral to extreme fear. It is scored between 0 and 4. Both researchers and family members can use the CFS to measure fear and anxiety in children before and during procedures.
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-State Form (STAIC-State)
Time Frame: Through painful procedure completion, an average of 10 minutes
STAIC was designed as a research tool for the study of anxiety in 9- to 12-year-old children as well as in younger or older children depending on their reading ability. The widely used STAIC-State Form includes 20-item self-report scale situational variation. In the STAIC-State Form, the children were asked to evaluate how they felt "that moment" and mark one of the relevant choices. When the presence of these feelings is stated as "much" by the child, the highest score is 3; and when it is not stated, the lowest score is 1.