The Impact of Magnesium Supplementation on the Clinical Outcome of Patients of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a serious kidney-related complication of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. It is also called diabetic kidney disease. Up to 40 percent of people with diabetes eventually develop kidney disease. Over time, elevated blood sugar associated with uncontrolled diabetes causes high blood pressure which in turn damages the kidneys by increasing kidney filtration pressure. Complications of diabetic nephropathy include heart and blood vessel disease (cardiovascular disease), fluid retention and hyperkalemia. Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and the second most important intracellular cation. It plays an essential role in biological systems as co-factor for more than 300 essential enzymatic reactions such as signal transduction, energy metabolism, vascular processes and bone metabolism. Normal serum Mg concentrations ranges from 0.7 to 1.1 mmol/L (1.4-2.0 mEq/L or 1.7-2.4 mg/dL). Outcome studies in the general population have indicated potential associations between low serum Mg levels and atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as both CVD mortality and all-cause mortality. Low SMg levels (1.4-1.9 mg/dL; 0.58-0.78 mM) were independently associated with all-cause death in patients with prevalent CKD. Higher prevalence of hypomagnesaemia in diabetic patients with nephropathy compared to those without nephropathy. Serum magnesium levels were significantly inversely correlated with serum creatinine and U-A/C ratio, and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Magnesium deficiency promotes hydroxyapatite formation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells . It is closely related to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. A lower Mg level is directly associated with a faster deterioration of renal function in T2DM patients. Moreover, hypomagnesemia is associated with the long-term micro- and macrovascular complications of T2DM. A dysregulation of mineral metabolism, reflected by altered levels of magnesium and FGF-23, correlates with an increased urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) in type 2 diabetic patients with CKD stages 2-4. Also, a link between hypomagnesemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia alterations exists; a significantly raised total cholesterol and LDL and non-HDL in patients with CKD are observed, suggesting a link to increased cardiovascular risk in CKD patients. Increasing magnesium levels could attenuate the cardiovascular risk derived from hyperphosphatemia, hence the CKD progression. Current literature suggests that Mg may have a protective effect on the CV system. Mg supplementation improves the insulin resistance index and beta-cell function, and decreases hemoglobin A1c levels in type 2 DM patients. In animal models of vascular calcification VC, dietary supplementation with magnesium results in marked reduction in VC and mortality, improved mineral metabolism, including lowering of PTH, as well as improvement in renal function. Hence, Magnesium supplementation using magnesium salts could be a good approach to improve the cardiovascular complications, insulin resistance index, lipid profile and kidney function in diabetic nephropathy patients.