Daily Vinegar Ingestion and Metabolic Health
- Conditions
- Metabolic SyndromeInflammationDepression
- Interventions
- Dietary Supplement: Liquid vinegarDietary Supplement: Vinegar pill
- Registration Number
- NCT05698381
- Lead Sponsor
- Arizona State University
- Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to determine if vinegar ingestion promotes beneficial changes to metabolic health parameters in healthy, overweight adults.
- Detailed Description
Recent research, in animal and human subjects, suggests that vinegar intake is inversely associated with insulin resistance, mood states and depression, inflammation, and other disease parameters. The study will be conducted as a randomized controlled trial in overweight adults to further examine these relationships and possible mechanisms. Although the mechanisms are not known, research suggests that changes in the gut microbiome, a response to the ingestion of the postbiotic acetic acid, may factor into the beneficial effects of vinegar ingestion. Through analyses of blood, changes in key blood metabolites associated with mood states (e.g., gamma-aminobutyric acid) as well as markers of gut health (e.g., LPS binding protein) and inflammation (e.g., CRP) will be assessed. Additionally mood state will be assessed using validated measures and determine risk for metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors associated with many chronic conditions. It is hypothesized that vinegar ingestion will promote beneficial changes to these health parameters.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 36
- healthy
- non-smoker
- free of chronic disease by self-report
- able to speak, read, and understand English
- able to consent.
- BMI ≥ 25 and ≤ 35
- adherence to specific diets for weight loss
- vegetarian
- report GERD or regular heartburn
- unwilling to consume vinegar daily for 4 weeks
- pregnant or lactating women
- recreational drug use, alcohol intake above recommendations (1 drink/day for women, 2 drinks/day for men - or none)
- competitive level physical training (e.g., physical activity above recommendations as set by the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans)
- scoring 1 or higher on question 9 of the PHQ-9 questionnaire.
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Liquid vinegar Liquid vinegar 4 tablespoons BID per day (3000 mg acetic acid) Vinegar pill Vinegar pill 2 vinegar pills per day (30 mg acetic acid)
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) change from baseline at week 4 Blood levels of the neurotransmitter GABA
Depression score change from baseline at week 4 Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); scores range from 0 to 60 (higher scores suggest a greater presence of depressive symptoms. A score of 15 or higher is interpreted to indicate a risk for depression).
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method metabolic syndrome change from baseline at week 4 A cluster of conditions that increase risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes: increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, waist circumference, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels. siMS score = 2\*Waist/Height + Gly/5.6 + Tg/1.7 + TAsystolic/130-HDL/1.02 or 1.28 (for male or female subjects, respectively) (adapted from Soldatovic et al. (2016) siMS Score: Simple Method for Quantifying Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS ONE 11(1): e014614)
Inflammation change from baseline at week 4 Blood C-reactive protein
LPS change from baseline at week 4 Blood Lipopolysaccharide binding protein
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
850 PBC
🇺🇸Phoenix, Arizona, United States