NAC +taVNS in IDM Who Are Poor Oral Feeders

Early Phase 1

Completed

Conditions: Infant of Diabetic Mother
Oxidative Stress
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Feeding Disorders

Interventions: Combination Product: N acetyl cysteine + vagus nerve stimulation

Registration Number: NCT04632069

Lead Sponsor: Medical University of South Carolina

Brief Summary: Infants of diabetic mothers who are failing to learn oral feeding by term age equivalence have greater CNS oxidative stress, which interact to predict poor neuroplasticity response to transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation paired with oral feeding. We propose treating the oxidative stress in IDM infants prior to initiating taVNS, with an FDA-approved antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine, NAC) to improve CNS oxidative stress, which in turn regulates expression of many genes including BDNF, that may enhance motor learning.

Detailed Description: Our group has recently conducted a first-in-infants pilot trial of pairing transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) with feeding to assist learning oromotor skills. We are enrolling preterm and HIE infants who are failing to learn oral feeds and clinically determined to need a G-tube. In preliminary data, taVNS paired with one or two daily feedings for 2 weeks resulted in 50% of infants attaining full feeds and avoiding G-tube.

A notable number of non-responders were infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) exposed to poor glucose control during pregnancy, all of whom required a G-tube. Uncontrolled maternal hyperglycemia is associated with increased systemic and neuro-inflammation, CNS oxidative stress, DNA damage, and worse neonatal outcomes compared to infants of euglycemic mothers. In neonatal animal models, hyperglycemia has been shown to decrease BDNF, alter long-term synaptogenesis and hippocampal neurochemistry, with ongoing CNS oxidative stress and inhibition of the cortical neuronal plasticity required for learning. In our pilot trial of taVNS-paired feeding, CNS glutathione concentrations (GSH), a MR spectroscopy (MRS) marker of oxidative stress, had significant interaction with IDM in predicting outcome, strongly suggesting that ongoing CNS oxidative stress contributes to neuropathology in IDMs failing oral feeding.

NAC is an FDA-approved antioxidant that is safe and crosses the blood brain barrier, increasing CNS GSH. NAC reduces CNS oxidative stress, enhances learning and provides a neuroprotective effect after brain injury in our and others neonatal HI and neuroinflammatory animal models. Both GSH and BDNF enhance neuroplasticity. Therefore, we hypothesize that pre-treatment with NAC in IDMs who are failing oral feeding, followed by taVNS-paired feeding, will decrease oxidative stress induced by maternal hyperglycemia and IDM-associated brain injury, and increase response to taVNS-paired feeding rehabilitation.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 10

Inclusion Criteria

Infants of diabetic mothers who are failing oral feeding, >39weeks gestation at enrollment, who are clinically stable, on minimal respiratory support (nasal cannula or room air), and clinical team has determined are G-tube candidates

Exclusion Criteria

Unstable infants or those requiring positive pressure respiratory support
Infants <39 weeks gestation at enrollment
Major unrepaired congenital anomalies or anomalies that limit feeding volumes
Infants with cardiomyopathy
Repeated episodes of autonomic instability (apnea/ bradycardia) not self resolving

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: SINGLE_GROUP

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
NAC + taVNS	N acetyl cysteine + vagus nerve stimulation	NAC will be given via nasogastric tube (n,g.) 100mg/kg loading dose, then 75mg/kg/dose n.g. q 6h, administered 1h before a feed, for a total of 14 days. taVNS will be administered to left ear during active sucking with 2 daily feedings starting after 4 days of NAC, continuing for 10 days.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Daily Oral Feeding Volumes : Difference in Mean Increase	Day -14 to 0, Day 1 to 18	Difference in the Mean daily change in oral feeding volume(reported in in ml/kg/d) from Day 1-18 days of NAC+taVNS treatment minus Days -14 to 0 (baseline)

Secondary Outcome Measures