Nivolumab With DC Vaccines for Recurrent Brain Tumors

Phase 1

Completed

Conditions: Malignant Glioma
Astrocytoma
Glioblastoma

Interventions: Drug: nivolumab
Biological: DC

Registration Number: NCT02529072

Lead Sponsor: Gary Archer Ph.D.

Brief Summary: Patients will be randomized to one of two treatment arms - Group I and Group II. Group I will receive nivolumab monotherapy until surgical resection, and Group II will receive nivolumab alone and with DC vaccine therapy until surgical resection. During surgical resection blood and tumor samples will be assessed and compared. Following surgery, both groups will continue to receive DC vaccines (total of 8) and nivolumab therapy until confirmed progression.

Detailed Description: This two-arm randomized trial will evaluate the safety of nivolumab in combination with DC vaccinations for the treatment of bevacizumab-naïve subjects with first or second recurrent, resectable World Health Organization (WHO) Grade III and IV malignant gliomas (MGs). Up to 66 patients will be enrolled and treated with the goal of accruing 30 patients (15 per arm) that will receive nivolumab and at least 3 vaccines. After enrollment, leukapheresis will be done for generation of DC vaccines and immunologic monitoring. All subjects will undergo standard of care tetanus booster vaccination with 0.5 mL of Td (tetanus and diphtheria toxoids adsorbed) intramuscularly (I.M.) into the deltoid muscle to ensure adequate immunity to the tetanus antigen. Subjects will initially return every 2 weeks and receive approximately 3 infusions of nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV while the DC vaccines are being prepared from the initial leukapheresis and will then be randomized 1:1 to one of 2 arms (Group I: nivolumab only pre-surgery; Group II: nivolumab with DC vaccines pre-surgery). Patients who are unable to tolerate nivolumab will be withdrawn from the study and replaced. Patients whose DCs or Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (PBLs) fail to meet release criteria will continue to receive nivolumab only and will not undergo repeat leukapheresis. For patients whose leukapheresis yields less than 4 vaccines, a repeat leukapheresis may be obtained a minimum of 2 weeks from the previous leukapheresis (and may be repeated as needed) if stable. Peripheral blood will be drawn for immune monitoring prior to treatment with the 4th cycle of nivolumab (first post-randomization infusion of nivolumab).

Group I Treatment Plan (Nivolumab Only Pre-Surgery) After randomization, patients in Group I will receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks x approximately 8 weeks. The subject will then undergo surgical resection of tumor within approximately 1-3 weeks. Approximately 2-4 weeks later, leukapheresis is repeated for generation of DC vaccines and immunologic monitoring. Approximately 1 day to 2 weeks after leukapheresis, the subject will resume nivolumab 3mg/kg IV every two weeks with DC vaccine administration intradermally (i.d.) for a total of 3 vaccines. At the time of the third DC vaccine, patients will receive vaccine site pre-conditioning. A single dose of Td toxoid (1 flocculation unit (Lf) in 0.4 milliliters (mL) of saline) will be administered to a single side of the groin i.d. (as described above for all vaccine administrations 12-24 hours prior to the third DC vaccine, which is always given bilaterally at the groin site. At the vaccine #3 visit, prior to vaccine # 3 administration, erythema and induration measurements will be taken of pre-conditioning site. Group I subjects will then receive monthly DC vaccine administrations intradermally for 5 months or until progression (whichever comes first).Total vaccines to be administered will be 8 post-surgery unless subject is removed. Nivolumab will continue until progression. At the clinic visit following the last vaccine (#8), subjects will have peripheral blood drawn for immune monitoring prior to infusion of nivolumab.

Group II Treatment Plan (Nivolumab with DC Vaccines Pre-Surgery) After randomization, patients in Group II will receive the fourth cycle of nivolumab then receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV along with DC vaccines intradermally every 2 weeks x approximately 6 weeks for a total of 3 vaccines. At the time of the third DC vaccine, patients will receive vaccine site pre-conditioning. A single dose of Td toxoid (1 Lf in 0.4 mL of saline) will be administered to a single side of the groin i.d. 12-24 hours before the third DC vaccine, which is always given bilaterally at the groin site. At the vaccine #3 visit, prior to vaccine #3 administration, erythema and induration measurements will be taken of pre-conditioning site.The subject will then undergo surgical resection of tumor within approximately 1-3 weeks. Approximately 2-4 weeks later, leukapheresis is repeated for generation of DC vaccines and immunologic monitoring. Approximately 1 day to 2 weeks after leukapheresis, the subject will resume nivolumab 3mg/kg IV every two weeks. When DC vaccines have completed processing and are available for administration, monthly DC vaccine administrations as described above will be administered for 5 months or until progression (whichever comes first). Total vaccines to be administered will be 8 (3 pre- and 5 post-surgery) unless subject is removed. Nivolumab will continue until progression. At the clinic visit following the last vaccine (#8), subjects will have peripheral blood drawn for immune monitoring prior to infusion of nivolumab.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 6

Inclusion Criteria

Age 18-80 years of age
First or second recurrence of MG (WHO Grade III or IV glioma or astrocytoma) in surgically accessible areas with prior histologic diagnosis of MG
Bevacizumab-naïve - no prior exposure to Bevacizumab
Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) of ≥ 70%
Radiation Therapy (RT) with ≥ 45 Gray (Gy) tumor dose, completed ≥ 8 weeks prior to study entry
Laboratory values must meet the following criteria:
1. White Blood Count (WBC) ≥ 2000/microliters (uL)
2. Neutrophils ≥ 1500/uL
3. Platelets ≥ 100x103/uL
4. Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dL
5. Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5x the upper limit of normal (ULN) or creatinine clearance (CrCl)≥ 40 mL/min (using the Cockcroft-Gault formula) c. Female CrCl = (140 - age in years) x weight in kg x 0.85 /72 x serum creatinine in mg/dL d. Male CrCl = (140 - age in years) x weight in kg x 1.00/72 x serum creatinine in mg/dL
6. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 3x ULN
7. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 3x ULN
8. Bilirubin≤ 1.5x ULN (except subjects with Gilbert Syndrome, who can have total bilirubin < 3.0 mg/dL)
9. Subjects must have resting baseline O2 saturation by pulse oximetry of ≥ 92% at rest.
Patients of child bearing potential or with partners of child-bearing potential must practice recommended contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy during treatment and for 5 months after the last dose of nivolumab for women, 7 months after the last dose of nivolumab for men, and for 6 months after the last dose of bevacizumab for subjects receiving bevacizumab.

Exclusion Criteria

Contrast-enhancing tumor component crossing the midline, multi-focal tumor, or tumor dissemination (subependymal or leptomeningeal)
Clinically significant increased intracranial pressure (e.g., impending herniation), uncontrolled seizures, or requirement for immediate palliative treatment
Pregnant or need to breast feed during the study period (Negative human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) test required), or unable to maintain use of contraception while on study and for 31 weeks after the last dose of nivolumab
Active infection requiring treatment or an unexplained febrile (> 101.5o F) illness
Known immunosuppressive disease, autoimmune disease or human immunodeficiency virus infection, Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C
Known allergy or hypersensitivity to tetanus, or any other tetanus or diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine, or any component of this vaccine (i.e., aluminum phosphate, formaldehyde)
Known severe (Grade 3 or 4) infusion-related allergy or hypersensitivity to any monoclonal antibody
Previous radiation therapy with anything other than standard radiation therapy (such as previous stereotactic radiosurgery) or previous treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (i.e., nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab)
Unstable or severe intercurrent medical conditions such as severe heart (New York Association Class 3 or 4) or lung (FEV1 < 50%) disease, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Corticosteroid use > 4 mg/day at time of consent
Prior inguinal lymph node dissection.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Group I	DC	Patients will receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks for 8 weeks followed by surgery. Following resection, nivolumab and DC vaccine will be administered every 2 weeks (± 1) for a total of 3 vaccines, followed by biweekly treatment with nivolumab and monthly DC vaccinations for a total of 5 more vaccines. Patients will continue to receive nivolumab every 2 weeks until progression.
Group II	DC	Patients will initially receive the fourth cycle of nivolumab then receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV and DC vaccine every 2 weeks for a total of 3 vaccines, and then surgery. Subsequent to surgery, the patient will resume biweekly treatment with nivolumab and monthly DC vaccinations for a total of 5 more vaccines. Patients will continue to receive nivolumab every 2 weeks until progression.
Group I	nivolumab	Patients will receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks for 8 weeks followed by surgery. Following resection, nivolumab and DC vaccine will be administered every 2 weeks (± 1) for a total of 3 vaccines, followed by biweekly treatment with nivolumab and monthly DC vaccinations for a total of 5 more vaccines. Patients will continue to receive nivolumab every 2 weeks until progression.
Group II	nivolumab	Patients will initially receive the fourth cycle of nivolumab then receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV and DC vaccine every 2 weeks for a total of 3 vaccines, and then surgery. Subsequent to surgery, the patient will resume biweekly treatment with nivolumab and monthly DC vaccinations for a total of 5 more vaccines. Patients will continue to receive nivolumab every 2 weeks until progression.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
The Safety of Administering DC Vaccines With Nivolumab	12 months	The percentage of patients who experience unacceptable toxicity during combination treatment by arm is tabulated. Unacceptable toxicity is defined as any grade 3, 4, or 5 adverse event that is possibly, probably, or definitely related to either nivolumab or DC vaccination treatment during concurrent treatment, or any Grade 2 drug-related uveitis or eye pain or blurred vision that does not respond to topical therapy and does not improve to Grade 1 severity within the re-treatment period OR requires systemic treatment. In addition, any complication following resection (ex. excessive intracranial bleeding, delays in wound healing) that are prolonged longer than 4-6 weeks post-surgery will be considered an unacceptable toxicity.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Progression Free Survival (PFS)	6 to 48 months from study initiation	PFS is defined as the time between treatment initiation and initial progression or death, or date of last follow-up if the patient remains alive without disease progression. The Kaplan-Meier estimator will be used to describe the PFS experience of all patients. Median PFS is presented. Patients who are not able to tolerate nivolumab and are removed from the study will not be included in these analyses. Patients for whom DC vaccines cannot be manufactured will not be included in the survival analyses. Tumor assessment will be made using Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria, which defines progressive disease as an increase by at least 25% in the sum of the products of perpendicular diameters from the baseline scan, a significant increase in T2/FLAIR non-enhancing lesions, or clinical decline
Overall Survival	approximately 4 years from study initiation	Survival is defined as the time between first initiation of nivolumab and death, or last follow-up if the patient remains alive. The Kaplan-Meier estimator will be used to describe the overall survival (OS) experience of all patients. Median OS is presented. Patients who are not able to tolerate nivolumab and are removed from the study will not be included in these analyses. Patients for whom DC vaccines cannot be manufactured will not be included in the survival analyses.

Trial Locations

Locations (1): Duke University Medical Center
🇺🇸
Durham, North Carolina, United States
Duke University Medical Center
🇺🇸Durham, North Carolina, United States