Association Between Preoperative Fasting, Intraoperative Glycemic Control, and Hospital Lenght of Stay in Children Younger Than 24 Months of Age Undergoing Scheduled Conventional Inpatient Surgery

Preoperative fasting instructions (6 hours for solids and formula, 4 hours for breast milk, and 1 hour for clear liquids) will be explained to parents orally during the preoperative anesthesia consultation and a written document, reminding them of these instructions, will be given to them afterwards.

Upon arrival in the operating room, the anesthesiologist will record on a standardized collection sheet the time of fasting as well as the premedication received (time of paracetamol and/or ibuprofen, β2-mimetic aerosols, preoperative antibiotic therapy).

After anesthetic induction, once airway management and securing of the peripheral venous line have been completed and before surgical setup, a capillary blood sample will be taken from the earlobe or fingertip to measure blood glucose and ketone levels using a blood glucose and ketone meter (FREESTYLE OPTIUM NEO H, ketone and blood sugar meter, calibration performed prior to the study by the pharmacology department). A ketonemia will be considered abnormally high if the ketone level is higher than 0.6 mmol/L (0.11g/L). Hypoglycemia will be defined as a capillary blood glucose level less than <3.5 mmol/L (0.63 g/L)9. In case of hypoglycemia or high ketonemia, a second capillary sample should be taken, taking care to change the sampling area (ear or finger) and then an average of the two results should be taken. Capillary blood glucose and ketone measurements are part of routine care in pediatric anesthesia. Therefore, there will be no additional cost.

Intraoperative monitoring for all children will include a 3-lead ECG, pneumocardiograph, non-invasive blood pressure measurement, pulse oximetry (SpO2), esophageal or rectal temperature measurement, and capnography. A forced-air heating blanket will be used to warm the patient during the procedure. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) will be documented after induction of anesthesia, and hypotension will be defined as MAP < 45 mmHg7. Intraoperatively, data will be collected from the patient's blood pressure.

Intraoperatively, the following data will be recorded on the standardized collection sheet: anesthetic agents used (hypnotics and morphinics), intraoperative analgesics, anti-nausea agents (dexamethasone, ondansetron), infusion fluids used (nature of the fluid, rate of infusion), catecholamine (ephedrine), drugs that may interfere with blood sugar regulation.