Promoting Maternal Mental Health: Applicability and Effectiveness of an eHealth Intervention for Portuguese Postpartum Women

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

In the present study, a web-based intervention to promote women's mental health in the transition to motherhood (the Be a Mom program) will be tested. The design and content development of the Be a Mom program was conducted through a formative evaluation process. The transition to motherhood is a widely studied period that is characterized as demanding for mothers, and that entails an adjustment to lifestyle changes and new responsibilities. There is extensive research suggesting that this period is a time of increased risk for psychological problems, such as postpartum depression. In turn, this can lead to numerous negative consequences to the mother and the child's development. Even women who are not at an immediate risk of developing postpartum depression face numerous challenges and concerns that may place them in a vulnerable position (e.g., health needs, infant care, conflict with partner, changes in marital/social relationships, transitioning back to work). Despite this, research on the transition to motherhood has largely focused on women at risk or presenting mental illness, overlooking all women in the postpartum period and their positive mental health. Evidence shows that positive mental health over time functions as a resilience resource and protects against both physical and mental illness. There is also evidence suggesting that the lack of positive mental health may also make individuals more vulnerable to future adversities. This implies that the promotion of positive mental health should be an additional goal in public and mental health care that complements the treatment of psychopathology. Be a Mom is self-guided web-based intervention grounded on CBT principles that also includes recent developments in acceptance and commitment based-therapies, specifically for the perinatal context. This program focuses on the development and enhancement of psychological resources such as self-compassion and psychological flexibility and an increase of mental health literacy. Be a Mom has a modular set-up that is updated weekly, with each module addressing one or two specific thematic contents (Changes and reorganizations during the transition to parenthood; Emotional diversity; Cognitions; Relationship with others \[social support and communication\]; Couple relationship; Signs and symptoms of depression and help-seeking). In each module, participants will be provided with both psychoeducational content and therapeutic strategies. Informational material will be given in text format, combined with audio, video and/or animations. The Be a Mom program will also include interactive tools and feedback tools to support learning. The main goal of the research is to apply and evaluate Be a Mom for the promotion of maternal mental health, in terms of its efficacy, acceptability and feasibility (user's adherence, dropout), user's satisfaction and cost-effectiveness. The efficacy of the program will be assessed considering two indicators: a) increase in levels of positive mental health at post-intervention and throughout the first postpartum year; and b) post-intervention and follow-up improvements in mother's psychosocial adjustment indicators (e.g., depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-empowerment, quality of life, maternal self-efficacy, marital satisfaction). The present study will also aim to investigate the mechanisms explaining the treatment response (e.g., self-compassion, emotion regulation). The research design of the trial followed the methodological recommendations for the development and evaluation of web-based interventions. A pilot study was conducted in order to assess user's satisfaction and acceptability of the structure and content of the Be a Mom program and carry out appropriate adjustments. The results allowed to identify and implement modifications and the final version of Be a Mom was conducted, allowing for further efficacy studies. The RCT will be a two-arm prevention trial, conducted in low-risk women (PDPI-R \< 5.5). The intervention condition (the Be a Mom program) will be compared with a control condition (Treatment as Usual). The sample will include women who delivered a healthy baby in the early postpartum period (up to 3 months postpartum). Women will be recruited online through social media and websites and forums focused on motherhood. A minimum number of 150 women per condition will be required (N=300). Accounting for the proportion of high-risk and low-risk women and the 50% of attrition rate over time, an anticipated sample of 1000 women will be enrolled in the study. Women who demonstrate interest in the study will be informed of the study goals, the structure and arms of the research and the researchers' and participants' roles. Women who agree to participate in the study will give their informed consent. All ethical requirements for research with humans are guaranteed. Women will be screened for the presence of risk factors for PPD. In case of presence of risk factors, women's participation in the study will end. In case of not presenting risk factors for PPD (PDPI-R \< 5.5), women be randomly assigned (blocked randomization, with allocation concealment) to one of the conditions: the intervention (Be a Mom program) or the control condition. A researcher (licensed psychologist) will contact women in the intervention condition, aiming to explain the program's structure and provide assistance during the course of the study. Participation in the study will last 15 months. The Be a Mom program will last 5 weeks. Participants in both conditions will be invited via email to complete baseline, post-intervention and follow-up (4-months and 12-months after post-intervention) assessments. Assessments will include self-report questionnaires to assess several indicators (e.g., mental health, quality of life, marital satisfaction, depressive and anxiety symptoms, maternal self-efficacy), mechanisms that may be involved in the treatment response (e.g., self-compassion, emotional regulation), user's acceptability and satisfaction and cost-effectiveness.

Primary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes

• Changes from baseline in anxiety symptoms(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)
• Changes from baseline in self-empowerment(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 months postintervention)
• Changes from baseline in emotional regulation(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)
• Changes from baseline in depressive symptoms(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)
• Changes from baseline in self-compassion(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)
• Medical Costs(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)
• Changes from baseline in marital satisfaction: Marital Satisfaction Subscale of the Investment Model Scale(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)
• Changes from baseline in maternal self-efficacy(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)
• Acceptability of the program for postpartum women: Measured through specific questions(Measured at post-intervention (8 weeks after randomization))
• Changes from baseline in psychological flexibility(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)
• Parental psychological flexibility(Measured at follow-up (4 and 8 months postintervention))
• Feasibility of the program for postpartum women (Measured through the website utilization)(Measured at post-intervention (8 weeks after randomization))
• Health state and EQ-VAS(From baseline to postintervention (8 weeks after randomization); 4 and 8 months postintervention)