Traumatic Injury Clinical Trial Evaluating Tranexamic Acid in Children (TIC-TOC): An Efficacy Study
Overview
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Intervention
- Tranexamic acid injection
- Conditions
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic
- Sponsor
- Daniel Nishijima, MD, MAS
- Enrollment
- 2000
- Primary Endpoint
- Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) area under the curve
- Status
- Not yet recruiting
- Last Updated
- 4 months ago
Overview
Brief Summary
Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability in children in the United States. The objective of this study is to evaluate the benefits and harms of tranexamic acid (TXA; a drug that stops bleeding) in severely injured children with hemorrhagic brain and/or torso injuries. Using thromboelastography, we will measure baseline fibrinolysis to assess for treatment effects of TXA at different levels of fibrinolysis.
Detailed Description
The TIC-TOC efficacy trial is a multicenter, adaptive allocation, randomized controlled trial of children younger than 18 years with hemorrhagic injuries to the torso and/or brain to evaluate the efficacy of TXA on functional outcome as measured by the PedsQL. Children will be randomized to one of three arms: 1) TXA 15 mg/kg bolus over 30 minutes, followed by a 2 mg/kg/hr infusion over 8 hours), 2) TXA 30 mg/kg bolus over 30 minutes, followed by a 4 mg/kg/hr infusion over 8 hours), and 3) normal saline placebo. A third TXA dose (45 mg/kg bolus dose over 30 minutes, followed by a 6 mg/kg/hr infusion over 8 hours) may be added later in the trial if a dose effect based on accumulating data is noted. The trial will be conducted in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) across 40 sites over 4 years of enrollment for a maximum sample size of 2000 patients. A Bayesian adaptive randomization design will be used to evaluate the efficacy of TXA in children with hemorrhagic brain and/or torso injuries. Because different types of injury have different pathophysiology and potential response to TXA, three different injury strata will be evaluated: isolated hemorrhagic brain injury, isolated hemorrhagic torso injury, and both hemorrhagic brain and torso injuries. The efficacy of TXA will be analyzed across all enrolled children as well as across each type of injury. The Bayesian adaptive trial design also efficiently evaluates the effectiveness of TXA across different TXA doses. The trial will randomize the first 500 patients to two doses of TXA and placebo at a fixed 1:1:1 ratio. Interim analyses will be conducted when 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, and 1750 patients have been enrolled. At each interim analysis, randomization probabilities will be adjusted in order to preferentially allocate patients to better performing doses, while allocation to the placebo arm will stay fixed. The adaptive randomization will be based entirely on pre-planned rules using accumulating data. A Bayesian hierarchical model will be used to estimate the treatment effect for each of the injury types to be informed by the data accumulated from all injury types. At interim analyses, if a dose effect is noted towards the higher dose of TXA (30 mg/kg bolus then a 4 mg/kg/hr infusion) being more efficacious using pre-specified criteria, then a higher dose study arm (TXA 45 mg/kg bolus then a 6 mg/kg/hr infusion) will be opened later in the trial. If the dose response curve is flat, suggesting that TXA is ineffective, then futility stopping rules can end the trial early.
Investigators
Daniel Nishijima, MD, MAS
Associate Professor
University of California, Davis
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- •Less than 18 years old AND
- •Penetrating torso trauma, blunt torso trauma, or head trauma as defined below:
- •Penetrating Torso Trauma:
- •a. Penetrating trauma to the chest, abdomen, neck, or pelvis with at least one of the following:
- •age-adjusted hypotension, or
- •age-adjusted tachycardia despite adequate resuscitation fluids, or
- •radiographic evidence of internal hemorrhage, or
- •clinician suspicion of ongoing internal hemorrhage
- •Blunt Torso Trauma:
- •Clinician suspicion of hemorrhagic blunt torso injury and at least one of the following:
Exclusion Criteria
- •Unable to administer study drug within 3 hours of traumatic event
- •Known pregnancy
- •Known ward of the state
- •Cardiac arrest prior to randomization
- •GCS score of 3 with bilateral unresponsive pupils
- •Isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, or diffuse axonal injury
- •Known venous or arterial thrombosis
- •Known bleeding/clotting disorders
- •Known seizure disorders
- •Known history of severe renal impairment
Arms & Interventions
Tranexamic acid 15 mg/kg bolus
Subjects will receive a 15 mg/kg bolus of tranexamic acid over 30 minutes followed by a 2 mg/kg/h infusion over 8 hours. This represents 31 mg/kg total dose of TXA.
Intervention: Tranexamic acid injection
Tranexamic acid 30 mg/kg bolus
Subjects will receive a 30 mg/kg bolus of tranexamic acid over 30 minutes followed by a 4 mg/kg/h infusion over 8 hours. This represents 62 mg/kg total dose of TXA.
Intervention: Tranexamic acid injection
Tranexamic acid 45 mg/kg bolus
Subjects will receive a 45 mg/kg bolus of tranexamic acid over 30 minutes followed by a 6 mg/kg/h infusion over 8 hours. This represents 91 mg/kg total dose of TXA. This dosing arm will only open if a dose-effect is determined based on accumulating data.
Intervention: Tranexamic acid injection
Placebo
Subjects in the placebo group will receive a bolus dose of normal saline over 10 minutes followed by a normal saline infusion over 8 hours
Intervention: Tranexamic acid injection
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) area under the curve
Time Frame: 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months (as measured as an area under the curve)
Neurocognitive functioning and quality-of-life measure; 0 to 100 with higher scores representing better outcomes
Secondary Outcomes
- PedsQL Physical Domain area under the curve(1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months)
- Blood transfusion(First 48 hours after randomization)
- Intracranial hemorrhage progression(24 hours (±6 hours))