The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Cardiovascular Events in Saudi Arabia Now and Future

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are major global health challenges with significant morbidity and mortality. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of CVD and T2DM is increasing. This poses a significant burden on the healthcare system. Despite extensive global research, there remains a lack of comprehensive studies examining the combined impact of CVD and T2DM in the Saudi population, particularly in the Western region. Objectives: The primary objectives of the study are: (1) quantify the incidence and mortality rates of CVD and T2DM across various demographics in the Western region of Saudi Arabia; (2) analyse the demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors contributing to cardiovascular risk in individuals with both conditions; (3) understand the influence of cultural, social, and religious beliefs on health behaviours related to CVD and T2DM using social media and survey data; (4) develop a predictive model for forecasting future cardiovascular events in the Saudi population; and (5) evaluate the impact of the ICD11 classification of CVD. Methodology: The project will include team of experts from King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Madinah, Taibah University, Islamic University of Madinah, University of Prince Mugrin, and King's College University, London. We will work under four workstreams (WS) which are: WS 1: This group will supervise the data collection, analysis and ensure efficient running of the project. WS 2: In year 1, retrospective data will be collected on the service needs, long term outcomes, and mortality of patients with CVD and T2DM, CVD only, T2DM only, and neither. Between Year 1 to 5, we will collect data prospectively using the new ICD-11 criteria. Both, retrospective and prospective data will be used to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) based predictive model. WS 3: Social media survey will be undertaken to understand health beliefs and behaviours influencing health related outcome to CVD and T2DM. WS 4: Undertake economic analyses into long-term resource utilisation and cost of care for CVD and T2DM.

Expected Outcomes:

The study is expected to provide a detailed incidence and all-cause mortality CVD and T2DM in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. This will help in identifying risk factors and predictive for CVD and understand health beliefs and behaviours in Saudi Arabia. The data will help in developing policies, guidelines and awareness programmes in collaboration with policy makers. In conclusion, this study will impact by improving epidemiological knowledge and understanding of CVD and T2DM in Saudi Arabia. The project will support the overall mission of Saudi Vision 2030 with regard to increasing the health and well-being of the population.