Effect of Preoxygenation Position and Examination Position on Hypoxemia During Painless Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A 2×2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial

Painless gastroscopy and colonoscopy represent core minimally invasive techniques for colorectal cancer screening and the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. By utilizing intravenous sedation to ensure a pain-free experience, these procedures are widely adopted in clinical practice. However, perioperative hypoxemia remains the most common and critical safety complication during sedation for endoscopy. It is primarily caused by anesthesia-induced respiratory depression, tongue base collapse, airway obstruction, diaphragmatic compression, and restricted thoracic movement, with significantly elevated risks observed in obese, elderly, snoring, and short-necked patients.

Hypoxemia may trigger bradycardia, arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and cerebral hypoxia. In severe cases, it can lead to apnea, laryngospasm, and forced termination of the procedure, making it a key indicator in endoscopic anesthesia quality control.

Pre-oxygenation is a fundamental measure to increase functional residual capacity (FRC) and prolong the safe apneic time prior to induction, thereby preventing hypoxemia. The examination position directly determines airway patency, mandibular relaxation, diaphragmatic position, and thoracic compliance throughout the procedure. Both are critical, controllable factors regulating perioperative oxygenation. Studies have confirmed that the left lateral position reduces the incidence of hypoxemia, while the left lateral position with 30° head elevation effectively relaxes the mandible, alleviates tongue base collapse, reduces abdominal organ pressure on the diaphragm, and improves ventilation and oxygenation by increasing FRC.

Current research largely focuses on either the pre-oxygenation position or the examination position in isolation, presenting notable limitations: first, the interaction between these two positions has not been evaluated, leaving the synergistic or antagonistic effects of combined interventions unclear; second, there is a lack of efficient validation using a factorial design, which is necessary to simultaneously analyze the main effects and interactions of both independent variables.

Addressing these clinical challenges and research gaps, this study employs a 2×2 factorial randomized controlled design. With pre-oxygenation position and examination position serving as the two intervention factors, the study aims to explore the individual and combined effects of both factors on perioperative hypoxemia. The objective is to identify the optimal positional combination, establish standardized and generalizable positioning protocols for painless endoscopy, accurately reduce the incidence of hypoxemia, enhance the precision of anesthesia management, and provide high-level evidence to guide clinical practice.