The Effects of Cold-water Immersion on Exercise Performance Recovery and Postprandial Plasma Aminoacidemia
- Conditions
- Sport RecoveryAminoacidemiaCold-water Immersion
- Registration Number
- NCT06698237
- Lead Sponsor
- McGill University
- Brief Summary
In order to optimize sports performance, high-level athletes are required to manage conflicting training objectives, which often result in periods of high-volume training. These athletes need to perform heavy resistance training sessions to promote physiological adaptations, which consequently induce fatigue. Yet, they need to minimize fatigue to perform subsequent high-quality training sessions often within the same day. To support these training endeavours, a high-quality dietary regimen and adequate protein consumption is deemed to be an essential component of an athlete's recovery plan, as it has been shown to support muscle recovery and reduce muscle inflammation following exercise. Indeed, current sports nutrition recommendations advocate for the consumption of dietary protein and carbohydrate after exercise to promote tissue repair and replenish muscle energy stores (glycogen). Additionally, previous research has shown how water immersion therapies post-exercise may alleviate fatigue and restore performance. However, little is known about how different temperatures, as well as timing of cold-water immersion can support performance recovery in a population of athletes adhering to contemporary post-exercise nutrition recommendations. The objective of this project is to investigate the effects of timing of cold-water immersion relative to exercise on performance recovery within the same day, as well as to investigate whether cold water immersion augments blood amino acid concentrations after exercise and protein intake.
- Detailed Description
In the 48-hours prior to testing visits, participants will need to fill out a dietary log 2 days before the first visit and replicate their diet before the second and third visit. Participants will also be asked to adhere to the same exercise routine in order to replicate exercise behaviours for all testing days. Testing sessions will be separated by a minimum of seven days but not more than 30 days. The female participants with a regular menstrual cycle will only be tested during the follicular phase (from day one of menstruation and lasts fourteen days) to ensure a standardized hormone level. Each testing day will begin in the morning. Participants will arrive in the laboratory in an overnight fasted state and begin by ingesting a telematic pill and then consume a standardized carbohydrate rich breakfast drink. Afterwards, the athlete will complete the performance tests, which will include five counter-movement jumps, five drop jump, five squat jumps, one 5-second maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee-extensors, eight 1-second maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the knee extensors, five maximal isokinetic contractions at three different angular velocities (60, 180, and 240°/s). Then, they will perform the resistance training protocol, consisting of ten sets on the leg press at 65% 1RM. The 1st and 10th sets will be taken to failure. Sets 2 to 9 will be performed at 10 repetitions each. Between set 1 and set 2, they will perform 30 depth drops. The rest time between sets will be two minutes. Immediately post-training, participants will be asked to repeat the same performance tests. They will then be provided with a protein and carbohydrate drink (25 g of whey protein and 45 g of carbohydrate) that will be consumed within 5 minutes. During the experimental visit, 11 blood samples will be collected relative to the water immersion (T = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min), and subsequently analysed for postprandial plasma amino acid concentration. The consumption of the beverage will be followed by an 10-minute mid-clavicular immersion in either CWI (10°C) that is immediate (CWI_0), delayed for 3-hours (CWI_3), or an immediate thermoneutral bath (35°C) (THERM). Following the final blood draw (T = 300 min), the performance tests will be performed one last time to evaluate recovery from the strength training. The participant will be asked to fill out the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS) that measures recovery and stress across emotional, mental, physical, and overall dimensions using eight items before each testing session. They will also be asked to fill out a visual analogue scale (VAS) regarding subjective appetite sensations at the same time as every blood sample. Furthermore, skin and core body temperatures will be monitored throughout the experiment. At the end of each of the experimental visits, the participants will receive an ad libitum pasta meal to measure energy intake. The participants will be instructed to eat until they are comfortably full within 30 minutes. The amount of food consumed will be recorded to calculate the energy intake of each participant. Participants will also need to complete a questionnaire the 24 and 48 hours after each testing session to assess their level of delayed onset muscle soreness. Following the final testing session, participants will be invited to complete a belief questionnaire, aimed at gauging their perceived effectiveness of the recovery conditions they were subjected to.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- RECRUITING
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 12
Not provided
Not provided
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Prolonged maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors peak force 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform one five-second maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors on an isometric dynamometer at a 60° angle of the knee joint. The force-time profile will be used to derive the peak force (Newton)
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method postprandial plasma total amino acid concentration incremental area-under-the-curve -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, tyrosine, cysteine, proline (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma branched chain amino acid concentration incremental area-under-the-curve -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma essential amino acid concentration incremental area-under-the-curve -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma leucine concentration incremental area-under-the-curve -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period leucine at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
Postprandial plasma glucose concentration incremental area-under-the-curve -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Plasma glucose at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) (mmol/L·300 minutes).
Postprandial plasma insulin concentration incremental area-under-the-curve -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minute in the post-prandial period Plasma insulin at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minute) (pmol/L·300 minute).
postprandial plasma total amino acid time to concentration maximum -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, tyrosine, cysteine, proline (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma branched chain amino acid time to concentration maximum -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma essential amino acid time to concentration maximum -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma leucine time to concentration maximum -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period leucine at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) (umol/L)
postprandial plasma total amino acid concentration maximum -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, tyrosine, cysteine, proline (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma branched chain amino acid concentration maximum -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma essential amino acid concentration maximum -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma leucine concentration maximum -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period leucine at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) (umol/L)
postprandial plasma total amino acid time tracking response -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, tyrosine, cysteine, proline (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma branched chain amino acid time tracking response 120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma essential amino acid time tracking response -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Free leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan (combined) at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) umol/L
postprandial plasma leucine time tracking response -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period leucine at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) (umol/L)
Postprandial plasma glucose time tracking response -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Plasma glucose at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) (mmol/L·300 minutes).
Postprandial plasma insulin time tracking response -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Plasma insulin at 11 timepoints (t = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes) (pmol/L·300 minutes).
Prolonged maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors total work 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake The participant will be asked to perform one five-second maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors on an isometric dynamometer at a 60° angle of the knee joint. The force-time profile will be used to derive the area under the curve (N·5 s). The change from baseline will be reported.
Postprandial appetite sensation scores time tracking response -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Participants will be asked to complete visual analog scales (VAS) for measurements of appetite sensations at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes). Five sensations related to appetite are queried by VAS (i.e., "How hungry are you?", "How full are you?", "How satiated are you?", "How strong is your desire to eat?" on a scale from "Not at all" to "Extremely"; and "How much do you think you could (or would want to) eat right now" on a scale from "nothing at all" to "a very large amount"). Outcomes are measured in millimeters (mm) along a 100-mm horizontal line
Postprandial appetite sensation incremental-area-under-the-curve -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period Participants will be asked to complete visual analog scales (VAS) for measurements of appetite sensations at 11 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes). Five sensations related to appetite are queried by VAS (i.e., "How hungry are you?", "How full are you?", "How satiated are you?", "How strong is your desire to eat?" on a scale from "Not at all" to "Extremely"; and "How much do you think you could (or would want to) eat right now" on a scale from "nothing at all" to "a very large amount"). Responses are measured in mm·300 minutes.
Ad libitum food energy intake assessed 300 minutes after protein intake The ad libitum test meal will contain 562 kJ per 100 g with 20% energy from protein, 65% energy from carbohydrate, and 15% energy from fat. The participants will be provided with approximately 1 kg of the test meal on a plate with utensils. Participants will be instructed to "eat as much or as little as desired until feeling "comfortably full" within 30 minutes. The meal will be weighed before consumption and remaining contents will be weighed after achieving comfortable fullness to calculate the energy intake. The outcome will be measure in kilojoules (kJ).
Countermovement jump 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five countermovement jumps on a force plate. The jump height derived from impulse (centimeter), maximum force developed (Newton), maximum rate of force development (Newton/second) will be collected for each of the five jumps. The change from baseline will be reported.
Intermitted Maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors peak force 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform eight one-second maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors on an isometric dynamometer at a 60° angle of the knee joint. The force-time profile will be used to derive the peak force (Newton)
Maximal Leg Press Strength 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform repetitions till failure using a weight equivalent to 65% of their maximum strength. The total number of repetitions completed, the average velocity, peak velocity and work of the repetitions will be recorded and the change from baseline in these values will be reported.
recovery-stress state 2 hours prior to protein intake, immediately prior to protein intake, 5 hours post protein intake, 24 hours and 48 hours post training The participant will be asked to fill out the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS) that measures recovery and stress across emotional, mental, physical, and overall dimensions using eight items.
Delayed onset muscle soreness reported 120 minutes prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake, and at 24 hours and 48 hours post testing. Participants will be asked to complete visual analog scales (VAS) for a measurement of muscle soreness on a scale from "normal" to "extremely sore"). Outcome is measured in millimeters (mm) along a 100-mm horizontal line. Data will be reported 120 minutes prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake, and at 24 hours and 48 hours post testing.
Serum concentrations of systemic cytokines -120, 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes in the post-prandial period time-course concentration of serum concentrations of systemic cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-1B, TNF-α, IL-10 (pg/ml) at 8 timepoints (time = -120, 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes).
Time-course of heart rate Data will be reported during the resistance -90 to -30 minutes and during water immersion 0 minutes to 10 minutes or 180 minutes to 190 minutes The participants heart rate will be monitored using a heart rate monitor. The average heart rate during resistance training and during water immersion will be reported.
Time-course of skin temperature 0 to 5 hours post water immersion. The participants skin temperature will be monitored using sensors that can record temperature data over time) (sampling frequency = 30 seconds). The sensors will be placed on the sternum, forearm, thigh and calf. The outcome is measured in degrees Celsius. Data will be reported every 15 minutes following water immersion and every hour before and after following water immersion.
Core temperature 0 to 5 hours post water immersion The participants core temperature will be monitored using telemetric thermometer pill that will be ingested upon arrival at the laboratory (sampling frequency = 30 seconds). The outcome is measured in degrees Celsius. Data will be reported every 5 minutes during water immersion, every 15 minutes for 1 hour following water immersion. Data will otherwise be reported every hour.
Incidence of adverse events 0-6 hours post water immersion Number of participants with adverse events
Prolonged maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors rate of force developpment 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake The participant will be asked to perform one five-second maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors on an isometric dynamometer at a 60° angle of the knee joint. The force-time profile will be used to derive the rate of force development (N/s). The change from baseline will be reported.
Intermitted Maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensorsIntermitted Maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors rate of force development 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake The participant will be asked to perform eight one-second maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors on an isometric dynamometer at a 60° angle of the knee joint. The force-time profile will be used to derive the rate of force development (N/s) for each of the eight contractions. The change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 60°/second peak torque 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 60°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the peak torque (Newton-metre) change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 180°/second peak torque 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 180°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the peak torque (Newton-metre) change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 240°/second peak torque 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 240°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the peak torque (Newton-metre) change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 60°/second total work 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 60°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the total work (Joules). The change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 180°/second total work 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 180°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the total work (Joules). The change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 240°/second total work 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 240°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the total work (Joules). The change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 60°/second average power 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 60°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the average power (Watts) The change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 180°/second average power 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 180°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the average power (Watts) The change from baseline will be reported.
Isokinetic testing of the knee extensors 240°/second average power 120 minutes prior to water immersion, immediately prior to water immersion, 300 minutes post protein intake. The participant will be asked to perform five isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors at 240°/second. The force-time profile will be used to derive the average power (Watts) The change from baseline will be reported.
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
McGill University
🇨🇦Montreal, Quebec, Canada