ReSET Aim 1b: Restarting Safe Education and Testing for Children With Medical Complexity - COVID-19 Testing in School With Children and Staff

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: COVID-19
Children With Medical Complexity (CMC)

Interventions: Diagnostic Test: BinaxNOW Rapid Antigen System

Registration Number: NCT04899245

Lead Sponsor: University of Wisconsin, Madison

Brief Summary: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a worldwide pandemic that has resulted in large-scale quarantines in cities, states, and countries throughout the world. SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus that is most commonly spread via contact with infective respiratory droplets and aerosols produced by coughing, sneezing, talking, and singing.

Children with medical complexity (CMC), i.e., children with multiple severe chronic conditions, high resource use, severe functional limitations, and substantial family-identified service needs, are a medically vulnerable population for the development of severe COVID-19. Deciding to send CMC to school poses a major dilemma to families wanting to minimize severe COVID-19 risk. School personnel also face risks when CMC attend school. Despite these challenges, achieving in-person school attendance is critical for CMC. Compared to non-CMC, academic and social development for most CMC hinges on being at school. Severe intellectual and developmental disability impairs one's ability to engage with online platforms. Health-promoting services delivered at school, e.g., physical, occupational, and speech therapy, are likely less effective when delivered virtually. Parents of CMC, already disproportionately unemployed due to their child's care needs, experience added employment strain when their child is out of school.

The study objective is to increase the safe return to school for CMC by 1) evaluating the feasibility of school-based COVID-19 testing strategies and 2) identifying parent and staff perceptions of testing and school attendance. A related study (ReSET Aim 1a, NCT04895085) will evaluate the same factors in home-based testing strategies in CMC exclusively.

Detailed Description: Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 112

Inclusion Criteria

Parents and staff must be at least 18 years of age.
Staff must have a classroom role (e.g., teacher, aide, playground assistant)
Parents and staff must be proficient in English.
Parents and staff must have access to a web-enabled device (phone, tablet, or computer).
Staff, parent and child must be residents of Wisconsin.
Parent/child must be enrolled at WECP for the 2021 and/or 2022 school year.

Exclusion Criteria

Failure to meet all inclusion criteria

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Parent/Child with Children with medical complexity (CMC)	BinaxNOW Rapid Antigen System	65 children and their parents will be recruited to participate. School staff will send a letter to all parents with children enrolled in the Waisman Early Childhood Program (WECP) inviting them to participate. Families new to the school or who initially decline participation and then reconsider may join at any time. Participants will also be offered the option of as needed symptomatic home testing. Additionally, parents who are vaccinated will be asked to participate in testing. Siblings may be enrolled in the study.
School Staff	BinaxNOW Rapid Antigen System	50 school staff from Waisman Early Childhood Program (WECP) will be recruited to participate in this study. School staff will send a letter to all WECP staff inviting them to participate. Staff new to the school or who initially decline participation and then reconsider may join at any time. Additionally, staff who are vaccinated will be asked to participate in testing.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in Protocol Uptake: Number of Children and Staff Consented Compared to Number of Approached	Study duration (up to 21 months)	Feasibility of school based COVID-19 testing will be evaluated by protocol uptake. Data will be retrieved from the study log. Two data limitations to note: * The enrollment rate was not stratified by caregiver and child number at the time of data collection. The data was collected at the level of the child. * The enrollment rate was not stratified by caregiver/child dyad and staff at the time of data collection. This is a limitation of our data. It is not possible to stratify this outcome and it is therefore analyzed together.
Change in Percentage of Caregivers to the Perceived Severity Survey Question: Health Permanently Reduced	15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived severity construct variables will be: * "If your child was sick with COVID-19, how likely would...their health be permanently reduced" * Response options: "Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat", "Very", "Extremely" * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Change in COVID Test Rate at School: Number of Total Child and Staff Tests Completed as Compared to Number of Tests Expected	Every week up to 21 months	* Tests expected: Children and staff in this study will have nasal swab testing performed at school twice weekly (as well as anytime they have symptoms) for the first 3 months of the study. After 3 months, the twice-weekly testing may decrease to symptom-only testing if the rate of COVID spread decreases in Wisconsin. Symptom-only testing is not included as an "expected" test. * The number of tests expected was assessed specifically for this outcome measure to determine if testing was proceeding as expected. This value was based on the number of children and staff enrolled at a given time, whether surveillance or symptom-only testing was being conducted, and if any of the participants had COVID-19 (excluding them from testing). This value was not created at baseline, but was dynamic over the course of the study dependent upon the aforementioned factors. * The tests expected value was not stratified by child and staff at the time of data collection. It is a limitation of the data.
Change in Symptomatic Test Rate: Number of Symptomatic Tests Completed	Study duration (up to 21 months)	Data will be retrieved from study log.
Change in False-positive Rate: Number of Negative Confirmatory Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as Compared to Total PCR Run for COVID-19 Testing	Study duration (up to 21 months)	Data will be retrieved from study log. All children and staff (n = 71) were included in this outcome. However, participants were not required to and were sometimes unable to complete a confirmatory PCR test after a positive in-home rapid test. This explains the difference between the number of positive at-home COVID-19 tests and the number of PCR tests. Some participants completed multiple confirmatory PCR tests over the study time frame. This explains why the PCR quantity is greater than the number of participants.
Change in Positive Rate: Number of Positive COVID-19 Tests Compared to Total Number of Tests Performed	Study duration (up to 21 months)	Data will be retrieved from study log.
Caregiver Change in Susceptibility: School Takes Precautions	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	The following question from the Participant's perceived susceptibility survey will be answered dichotomously and presented qualitatively: * How comfortable are you with...the ability of your child's school to take all precautions to stop the spread of COVID-19? * Response options: "Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat", "Very", "Extremely" * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Susceptibility: Number of Fully Vaccinated People Who Interact With Participant's Child at School	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	* "How many of the people who interact with your child at school have been fully vaccinated?" * Response options: "None", "A few", "Some" "Most", "All", "Don't Know" * Dichotomized into: ("Most" or "All") vs. ("None", "A few", "Some", "Don't Know) * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Susceptibility: Likely to Get COVID-19	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Following questions from the Participant's perceived susceptibility survey will be answered dichotomously (agree or disagree) and presented qualitatively. * In your opinion, how likely is your child to get sick with COVID-19 by attending school in-person? * Response options: "Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat", "Very", "Extremely" * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Motivation for Child to Attend School (Quite a Bit / a Great Deal vs Not)	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Participants will answer the following survey question in quite a bit / a great deal vs not: * "Based on the situation right now, how much do you want your child to attend school in-person at least some of the time?" * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Perceived Benefits to Child Attending School: Therapy Needs	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived benefits construct survey will be having 6 questions ranging from benefits to child's overall health, therapy needs, impact on family. Survey will be analyzed qualitatively. * How much of your child's therapy needs are only met by attending school in-person? * Dichotomized into: ("None", "A few", "Some" vs. "Most", "All") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Perceived Benefits to Child Attending School: Positive for Family	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived benefits construct survey will be having 6 questions ranging from benefits to child's overall health, therapy needs, impact on family. Survey will be analyzed qualitatively. * How positive or negative is your child attending school in-person for...your family * Dichotomized into: ("Very negative", "Somewhat negative", "A little negative", "Neutral") vs. ("A little positive", "Somewhat positive", "Very positive") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: Number of People	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely \[comfortable\] vs not. * How comfortable are you with the number of people around your child at school? * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: Following Recommendations	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely \[comfortable\] vs not. * How comfortable are you with how closely parents of classmates follow recommendations to keep your child safe? * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: Close Contact	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely \[comfortable\] vs not. * While in school, is your child required to be in close contact (i.e., within 6 ft) with others? 'Others' includes teachers, aides, nurses, and classmates. * Dichotomized as: ("Yes, all of the time", "Yes, most of the time") vs. ("Some of the time", "Rarely", "Not at all") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Change in Percentage of Caregivers for Perceived Severity Survey Question: Health Severely Affected	15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived severity construct variables will include: * If your child was sick with COVID-19, how likely would...their health be severely affected * Response options: "Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat", "Very", "Extremely" * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Perceived Benefits to Child Attending School: In-person Schooling	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived benefits construct survey will be having 6 questions ranging from benefits to child's overall health, therapy needs, and impact on family. Survey will be analyzed qualitatively. * Compared to fully virtual school, how much better or worse is attending any school in-person for your child? * Dichotomized into: ("Quite a bit worse", "Somewhat worse", "A little bit worse", "Neither better nor worse") vs. ("A little bit better", "Somewhat better", "Quite a bit better") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Perceived Benefits to Child Attending School: Keep Jobs	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived benefits construct survey will be having 6 questions ranging from benefits to child's overall health, therapy needs, impact on family. Survey will be analyzed qualitatively. * Does your child attending school in-person help the adults in your family to keep their jobs? * Response options: Yes / No * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: Proximity	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely \[comfortable\] vs not. * How comfortable are you with how close people have to be to your child at school? * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: PPE	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely \[comfortable\] vs not. * How comfortable are you with the amount personal protective equipment (PPE), such as masks and gloves, available at school? * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: Testing	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely \[comfortable\] vs not. * How comfortable are you with the amount of COVID-19 testing among school staff and classmates? * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: Transportation	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely vs not. * How difficult is it to transport your child to or from school as a result of COVID-19? * Dichotomized as: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Change in Percentage of Caregivers to the Perceived Severity Survey Question: Grave Health Consequences	15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived severity construct variables will be: * "If my child was sick with COVID-19, they would have grave health consequences." * Response options: "Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat", "Very", "Extremely" * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all", "A little", "Somewhat") vs. ("Very", "Extremely") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Perceived Benefits to Child Attending School: Important to Health	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived benefits construct survey will be having 6 questions ranging from benefits to child's overall health, therapy needs, impact on family. Survey will be analyzed qualitatively. * How important is attending school in-person to your child's overall health? * Dichotomized into: ("Not at all important", "A little important", "Somewhat important") vs. ("Very important", "Extremely important") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Perceived Benefits to Child Attending School: Positive for Staff	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Parent survey perceived benefits construct survey will be having 6 questions ranging from benefits to child's overall health, therapy needs, impact on family. Survey will be analyzed qualitatively. * How positive or negative is your child attending school in-person for...the staff and teachers * Dichotomized into: ("Very negative", "Somewhat negative", "A little negative", "Neutral") vs. ("A little positive", "Somewhat positive", "Very positive") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: Wash	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely vs not. * In your child's school, do they have access to necessary facilities to wash? * Dichotomized as: ("Yes, all of the time", "Yes, most of the time") vs. ("Some of the time", "Rarely", "Not at all") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Cues: Has a Teacher or Staff Member Encouraged Child to Attend School In-person? (Y/N)	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Participants will answer the following survey question in Yes/No: * "Teachers/staff have asked for my child to attend school."- Y/N * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Option and Practice: School Attendance	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Participant will be asked the attendance question in survey. It will be answered in Yes/No. * Currently, is child attending school in-person, either full-time or as part of a hybrid or part-time schedule? Y/N * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Option and Practice: Option to Attend School	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Participant will be asked the attendance question in survey. It will be answered in Yes/No * Currently, if participant wanted, could the child attend school in-person, either full-time or as part of a hybrid or part-time schedule? * Survey branching logic asked this question only to participants whose child was not currently attending school in person, either full-time or as part of a hybrid or part-time schedule. The number analyzed represents the number of participants that answered this question. * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.
Caregiver Change in Barriers to School Attendance: Masking	Baseline, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 15 month, 18 month, 21 month, 24 month	Survey will have following questions which will be answered dichotomously very/extremely vs not. * While in school, is your child able to wear a mask? * Dichotomized as: ("Yes, all of the time", "Yes, most of the time") vs. ("Some of the time", "Rarely", "Not at all") * This question was only asked to caregivers. * Caregivers with multiple children enrolled completed a survey for each child.