White-coat Hypertension in Childhood - Effects on Blood Pressure and Organ Damage

This is a longitudinal study in which all patients with WCH who previously participated in the above-mentioned study are included. The PI will offer the participants an outpatient check-up, which means:

• measurement of blood pressure with ambulatory blood pressure measurement during 24 hours to study blood pressure level and variation in blood pressure during the day.
• ultrasound examination of the structure and function of the heart
• ultrasound examination of blood vessels for calculation of intima-media thickness
• investigation of vessel elasticity with pulse wave analysis with Arteriograph.
• analysis of blood and urine to examine kidney function.
• Questionnaire about eating habits and physical activity

These examinations will be carried out at the Physiology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge. Both ultrasound examination of blood vessels and pulse wave velocity are non-invasive examinations and provide important information about the patient's vascular status. We will take a venous blood sample (approx. 5 ml) for analysis of standard markers for organ damage and vascular function (creatinine, urate, urea, cystatin C) and a urine sample (urine albumin/creatinine). These standard measurements and sampling involve a minimal impact on the individual and the subsequent analysis methods are well developed and have been applied in several previous studies. We will also ask questions about lifestyle, which is part of the doctor's medical history. In cases where hypertension, with or without organ damage, is verified, the persons will be referred further to pediatric nephrology or to adult medicine.

The sampling is recorded according to usual routines and the participation in the study is also indicated.

Each participant is assigned a code number. Some patient-related clinical data will be recorded, such as body measurements and analysis results from blood sampling. Questionnaire responses and results from examinations from cardiac echocardiography, vascular doppler and pulse wave velocity are coded. The code list is kept separately in a locked space. Participating researchers all have access to the code list. During data processing, only coded information is used.