Massage and Cold Water Immersion on Movement Variability After Fatigue in Swimmers
- Conditions
- Movement DisordersMuscle TonePerceived Exertion
- Interventions
- Other: MassageOther: Cold water immersion
- Registration Number
- NCT04541901
- Lead Sponsor
- Flávia Carvalho
- Brief Summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the effectiveness of post-exercise massage and cold-water immersion compared to control in young elite swimmers. The main questions it aims to answer are:
* Is post-exercise techniques effective for recovery of the movement variability, , myotonometric, ergometric and perceptive parameters after fatigue?
* Can neuromuscular fatigue protocols impair movement variability, myotonometric, ergometric and perceptive parameters?
* What tests are reliable to assess different aspects of swimmers' recovery?
Researchers will compare massage and cold-water immersion to control and to each other to see if recovery is antecipated. They will also compare an in-water and an out-of-water fatigue protocol to see if they are effective and can be used in different settings.
Participants will:
* Perform test and retest sessions to assess movement variability, myotonometric, ergometric and perceptive parameters.
* Perform an in-water fatigue protocol consisting of 8x100m front-crawl sprints
* Receive three recovery strategies in a randomized order (massage, cold-water immersion and control (i.e. rest)
* Answer a questionnaire regarding ther beliefs and preferences for recovery.
- Detailed Description
Fifty swimmers from São Paulo state swimming teams will be initially assessed to investigate movement patterns at rest and after a fatigue protocol by means of inertial sensors. The participants will be assessed regarding their perceptions by the Swimmer's Perception of Effort Questionnaire (SPEQ), muscle stiffness by a myotonometer, skin temperature by a thermographic infrared camera and coordination by the Coordination Index and Continuous Relative Phase (CRP). Then, the athletes will perform the fatigue protocol again followed by five interventions in a crossover design separated by 24hr: i) superficial massage, ii) deep massage iii) cold-water immersion iv) immersion in thermoneutral water and v) control (no intervention). All procedures will be performed for an experimental task of shoulder elevation and the sport-specific gesture (front crawl simulation in swim bench). The statistical analysis will be conducted in SPSS software. To analyze fractal properties of time series the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) will be used where (α) varies from 0,5 to 1,5, interpreted as random series and Brownian noise, respectively. To compared pre and post assessments from initial testing the paired t test will be used. To compare perceptions, muscle stiffness and temperature between groups after fatigue protocol and intervention a Mixed ANOVA will be used with Greenhouse-Geisser corrections and Bonferroni post-hoc if necessary. Descriptive data will be presented as mean and standard deviations. All analysis will assume level of significance of P\< 0,05.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 22
- male and female athletes
- between 15 and 30 years old
- no injury over the last month (any complaint that prevented the athlete from training or compete at least once)
- use of pain killers at least 24h before study participation
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Massage Massage 12 minutes of effleurage and petrissage on the upper limbs administered after fatiguing exercise in the swimming pool Cold-water immersion Cold water immersion 12 minutes of cold-water immersion at the shoulder level with water temperature between 11 to 15°C
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Movement variability From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks Obtained from time series of biomechanical data expressed as degrees of shoulder and elbow flexion, and ergometric variables (i.e. pace, stroke frequency and average power) executed during a simulated out of water swim ergometric test to understand the impacts of fatigue on movement and explore changes during recovery. Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions.
Joint angles time series of shoulder and elbow flexion and ergometric variables were aggregated using mean, standard deviation and variation coefficients for data analyses.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Swim-related perceptions From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks Self-reported ratings regarding physical and mental readiness for exercise, fatigue, vigor, somnolence, pain, and perception of effort and recovery, measured by a numerical rating scale ranging from 0 (nothing) to 10 (extreme). Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions
Myotonometry From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks Muscle tone, stiffness and elasticity were assessed by the MyotonPRO. The equipment probe will be placed perpendicular to the skin surface on the muscle belly previously marked with a pen by the evaluator at 1: Deltoid; 2: Pectoralis Major; 3: Biceps brachii; 4: Upper Trapezius; 5: Latissimus dorsi; 7: Triceps. Values were deemed acceptable if there were less than 3% of variation between the impulses. Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions.
Skin temperature From week 4 to 6 The temperature will be measured using an infrared thermographic camera, at the same points of myotonometry. Measured before and after the interventions.
Beliefs in the recovery techniques Week 6 Participants will be asked if they believe that massage, cold-water immersion and resting contribute to their recovery before and after the study
Preference Week 6 After the study the participants will be asked which of the interventions they preferred to received to recover from the fatiguing exercise
Sense of position From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks Participants will be asked to position their dominant upper limb at 90° which will be indicated by a target fixed on the wall 1 meter ahead of them. They will have 3 chances to point at the target and memorize the position. Afterwards, participants will have 3 chances to point at the target without vision (by blindfold). Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
Faculty of Science and Technology (UNESP)
🇧🇷Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil