Effects of Post Exercise Massage and Cold-water Immersion on Movement Variability After Fatigue in Swimmers: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Overview
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Intervention
- Not specified
- Conditions
- Movement Disorders
- Sponsor
- Flávia Carvalho
- Enrollment
- 22
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Movement variability
- Status
- Completed
- Last Updated
- last year
Overview
Brief Summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the effectiveness of post-exercise massage and cold-water immersion compared to control in young elite swimmers. The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Is post-exercise techniques effective for recovery of the movement variability, , myotonometric, ergometric and perceptive parameters after fatigue?
- Can neuromuscular fatigue protocols impair movement variability, myotonometric, ergometric and perceptive parameters?
- What tests are reliable to assess different aspects of swimmers' recovery?
Researchers will compare massage and cold-water immersion to control and to each other to see if recovery is antecipated. They will also compare an in-water and an out-of-water fatigue protocol to see if they are effective and can be used in different settings.
Participants will:
- Perform test and retest sessions to assess movement variability, myotonometric, ergometric and perceptive parameters.
- Perform an in-water fatigue protocol consisting of 8x100m front-crawl sprints
- Receive three recovery strategies in a randomized order (massage, cold-water immersion and control (i.e. rest)
- Answer a questionnaire regarding ther beliefs and preferences for recovery.
Detailed Description
Fifty swimmers from São Paulo state swimming teams will be initially assessed to investigate movement patterns at rest and after a fatigue protocol by means of inertial sensors. The participants will be assessed regarding their perceptions by the Swimmer's Perception of Effort Questionnaire (SPEQ), muscle stiffness by a myotonometer, skin temperature by a thermographic infrared camera and coordination by the Coordination Index and Continuous Relative Phase (CRP). Then, the athletes will perform the fatigue protocol again followed by five interventions in a crossover design separated by 24hr: i) superficial massage, ii) deep massage iii) cold-water immersion iv) immersion in thermoneutral water and v) control (no intervention). All procedures will be performed for an experimental task of shoulder elevation and the sport-specific gesture (front crawl simulation in swim bench). The statistical analysis will be conducted in SPSS software. To analyze fractal properties of time series the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) will be used where (α) varies from 0,5 to 1,5, interpreted as random series and Brownian noise, respectively. To compared pre and post assessments from initial testing the paired t test will be used. To compare perceptions, muscle stiffness and temperature between groups after fatigue protocol and intervention a Mixed ANOVA will be used with Greenhouse-Geisser corrections and Bonferroni post-hoc if necessary. Descriptive data will be presented as mean and standard deviations. All analysis will assume level of significance of P\< 0,05.
Investigators
Flávia Carvalho
MSc
São Paulo State University
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- •male and female athletes
- •between 15 and 30 years old
- •no injury over the last month (any complaint that prevented the athlete from training or compete at least once)
Exclusion Criteria
- •use of pain killers at least 24h before study participation
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Movement variability
Time Frame: From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks
Obtained from time series of biomechanical data expressed as degrees of shoulder and elbow flexion, and ergometric variables (i.e. pace, stroke frequency and average power) executed during a simulated out of water swim ergometric test to understand the impacts of fatigue on movement and explore changes during recovery. Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions. Joint angles time series of shoulder and elbow flexion and ergometric variables were aggregated using mean, standard deviation and variation coefficients for data analyses.
Secondary Outcomes
- Swim-related perceptions(From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks)
- Myotonometry(From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks)
- Skin temperature(From week 4 to 6)
- Beliefs in the recovery techniques(Week 6)
- Preference(Week 6)
- Sense of position(From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks)