Social ABCs for Toddlers With Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder: RCT of a Parent-Mediated Intervention

With funding from Autism Speaks (2007-10), the investigators have developed and conducted a pilot evaluation of an autism-specific intervention for toddlers with ASD. The Social ABCs, developed by the investigators, is an innovative parent-mediated intervention for toddlers with confirmed or suspected ASD. The Social ABCs draws on what is known about core, early emerging impairments in ASD, on evidence-based Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) and associated parent training programs for enhancing development in children with ASD, and on the literature on effective parent training programs for at risk infants. The investigators also draw on their demonstrated success implementing a province-wide PRT-based early intervention program for preschoolers with ASD, and developing effective brief training in PRT for parents of newly diagnosed children with ASD.

The Social ABCs intervention incorporates the principles and procedures of Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA), represented in the natural language paradigm of PRT, supplemented by those of Responsive Parenting. Targets of intervention focus on two areas of early impairment in ASD - functional spoken language and positive parent-child emotion sharing.

Data are collected from both parents and children. Measures of key targeted child behaviours (i.e., vocal responsivity and initiations) and shared positive emotion are coded from videos of child-parent play interactions recorded in the family home on 3 separate days at each of 3 time points: (1) study entry (Baseline/ pre-Training), (2) Post-Training (Week 12) and (3) Follow-up (Week 24). For each time point, data coded from the videos of child-parent interactions are averaged across 2 days to increase the probability that they are representative of the key child targets and parent variables under study (i.e., that they do not represent either a particularly "good" or "bad" day).

To provide a strong test of generalization of child learning, the same measures of functional behaviours are coded from videos of child-examiner play interactions recorded in the family home on 2 separate days at Follow-up; this examiner is blind to treatment group, not trained in PRT, and is unfamiliar to the child. Standardized child measures are collected at study entry and Week 24. These include the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Autism Observation Scale for Infants, Mullen Scales of Early Learning - AGS Edition, Preschool Language Scale-4, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd ed. Child and parent questionnaires are also completed at these time points. For both the Treatment group and the Control group, a Service Log is completed to record the services and interventions in which the child is currently participating. This Service Log is updated throughout the duration of the family's participation in our trial. A child and family's data is considered "useable" as long as the child is enrolled in the study up to and including week 4. If a child and family drop out of the study for any reason prior to their completion of week 4, we will not consider their data to be useable.

The 6-month Social ABCs parent-mediated intervention consists of 3 months of in-home live parent coaching and a 3-month period during which the parent implements the strategies with no further coaching. Parents implement the procedures in vivo, as they play with and follow routines of daily life with their toddlers. Research Trainers train parents using positive teaching procedures in which feedback and suggestions focus on parents' strengths (i.e., correct or close-to-correct implementation of the intervention procedures). The 3-month parent training program consists of 8 consecutive weeks of "Active Training" followed by 4 consecutive weeks of "Consultation and Refresher". During the 8-week "Active Training" phase, individual 1.5-hour sessions are provided three times on separate days in Week 1, twice on separate days in Week 2 and once in each of Weeks 3-8, for a total of 11 training sessions. Parents are provided with written modules that form the Social ABC's Intervention Manual, through which they are led by their Research Trainer. Each visit begins with a discussion of the module and intervention targets. For the remainder of the session, parents implement the procedures with their child, while receiving feedback (in vivo coaching) from their Trainer. During the 4-week "Consultation and Refresher" phase (Weeks 9-12), parents are contacted weekly by their Trainer via telephone/ email to trouble-shoot specific issues as needed, and the Trainer makes 2 home visits (Weeks 10 and 12) in which additional video recordings of in vivo coaching are taken.