Risk of Wrong-Patient Errors With Multiple Records Open

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Medical Order Entry Systems
Medical Errors

Interventions: Other: Unrestricted
Other: Restricted

Registration Number: NCT02876588

Lead Sponsor: Columbia University

Brief Summary: This study is designed to achieve the following aims:

1. Assess the relationship between the number of records open at the time of placing an order, and the risk of placing an order on the wrong patient.

2. Compare the incidence of wrong-patient orders in a "restricted environment" that limits its providers to only one record open at a time to an "unrestricted environment" where users can open a maximum of four records at once.

3. The results of this study will help inform decisions on how to safely implement EHR systems.

4. The results of this study will inform a larger scale health IT implementation research project evaluating the balance between the wrong-patient error risks and potential efficiency gains of having multiple records open at once, with rigorous research methodologies.

Detailed Description: Currently, at least 70,000 U.S. physicians use computerized provider order entry (CPOE) to place orders. This number is expected to rise sharply as hospitals continue to take advantage of federal incentives and adopt electronic health record (EHR) technology. Although CPOE is associated with a reduction in medical errors, when orders are placed electronically certain types of errors, including placing orders on the wrong patient, may occur more frequently.

Although there have been no studies quantifying (or even establishing) an increased risk of wrong-patient errors when providers have multiple records open at once, there have been several articles and expert opinions that warn of this potential risk.

The mechanism by which multiple patient records opened simultaneously can lead to a wrong-patient error may be related to the ease with which users can toggle between patient records and the similar looking computer screens. The magnitude of this risk needs to be established to help Information Technology (IT) leadership decide on how to safely implement CPOE systems.

There have been no studies demonstrating whether multiple records increase the risk of wrong-patient errors, by how much, and if any increase is dependent on the number of records open. This research project is an important first step in quantifying this risk.

In a randomized controlled trial conducted at Montefiore Medical Center, investigators propose to randomize inpatient and outpatient providers to a maximum of one record open at the time of ordering (restricted mode) or a maximum of four records open at the time of ordering (unrestricted mode).

Assignments will be made prior to the start of the study, and will remain constant throughout the study. A computer programmer working in IT, who is not an investigator of this study, will use Microsoft Excel to generate random numbers and assign one number to each provider. Providers assigned odd numbers will be in the restricted cohort, and those assigned even numbers will be in the unrestricted cohort. Providers who join Montefiore after the start of the study will be assigned a random number from Excel when assigned a new user log in for the EHR from a computer programmer not affiliated with the study, and will be added to the appropriate group based on their assigned random number. At the start of the randomized controlled trial, investigators will explain the purpose of the study to clinical staff via email and directly from within their IT systems, using a message crafted by the study team. The message will assure clinicians that data will be kept confidential and cooperation will carry no risk to them.

Montefiore uses the Epic Systems Corporation, or Epic, EHR system. Epic will implement the Retract-and-Reorder (RAR) tool, an automated method for identifying wrong-patient electronic orders, as well as capture the number of records open at the time of placing an order. This study will examine the effect of having the EHR system in restricted mode vs. unrestricted mode on RAR events. The goal is to obtain an estimate of the effect size and the intra-class correlations to provide preliminary data for a larger-scale health IT implementation research project. The unit of analysis will be the order. First, the RAR event rate for orders placed in the restricted vs. unrestricted mode will be calculated, testing the difference in rates using rank sum tests. Next, the relationship between the RAR event rate in restricted vs. unrestricted mode in subsets of providers and settings will be examined to determine whether specific types of providers or settings carry increased risk. Finally, a mixed-effects logistic regression model will be fitted with RAR event as the outcome and mode of the EHR system (restricted vs. unrestricted) as the independent variable of interest. The model will include random effects at the provider and order-session level because previous work has suggested substantial within-provider and within-session correlation. Orders will be nested in sessions and sessions will be nested in providers. To address the threat of confounding, the model will include fixed-effects variables including provider, patient, order-session, and order level covariates.

To safeguard against the possibility that the intervention actually worsens (increases) the RAR event rate, and to prevent unnecessary continuation of a study that is already conclusive, a data safety monitoring committee will conduct one interim review of the data in the randomized controlled trial.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 3356

Inclusion Criteria

-All clinicians (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) who placed electronic orders during the study period will be included in the study. (Randomization is at the level of the clinician.)

Clinician

Exclusion Criteria

Clinicians whose workflow requires access to more than one patient record at a time.

Patient Record Inclusion Criteria:

-All inpatient, emergency department, and ambulatory patients for whom electronic orders were placed during the study period will be included in the study.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Unrestricted	Unrestricted	Users have "unrestricted" access to open up to a maximum of 4 patient records at a time in the EHR
Restricted	Restricted	Users have "restricted" access to open a maximum of 1 patient record at a time in the EHR

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Wrong-patient Order Sessions, Defined as Order Sessions That Include at Least One Wrong-Patient Retract-and-Reorder (RAR) Event, As-randomized Analysis	19-month study period. All order sessions placed by randomized clinicians during the study period were included in the analysis. The time frame for each participant varied.	The primary analysis included all order sessions performed by clinicians according to their assigned randomization group. The primary outcome was wrong-patient order sessions, defined as order sessions that include at least 1 wrong-patient Retract-and-Reorder (RAR) event. Wrong-patient order sessions were identified using the Wrong-Patient Retract-and-Reorder (RAR) measure. The Wrong-Patient RAR measure uses an electronic query to identify wrong-patient RAR events, defined as one or more orders placed for a patient that are retracted (cancelled) by the same provider within 10 minutes, and then reordered by the same provider for a different patient within the next 10 minutes.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Wrong-patient Order Sessions, Defined as Order Sessions That Include at Least One Wrong-Patient Retract-and-Reorder (RAR) Event, as Treated Analysis	19-month study period. All order sessions placed by randomized clinicians during the study period were included in the analysis. The time frame for each participant varied.	The outcome was wrong-patient order sessions, defined as order sessions that include at least 1 wrong-patient Retract-and-Reorder (RAR) event. In the as treat analysis, each order was characterized by the clinician's initial configuration at the time an order was placed. Wrong-patient order sessions were identified using the Wrong-Patient Retract-and-Reorder (RAR) measure. The Wrong-Patient RAR measure uses an electronic query to identify wrong-patient RAR events, defined as one or more orders placed for a patient that are retracted (cancelled) by the same provider within 10 minutes, and then reordered by the same provider for a different patient within the next 10 minutes.